scholarly journals Strategies for Vaccination: Conventional Vaccine Approaches Versus New-Generation Strategies in Combination with Adjuvants

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 140
Author(s):  
Abdellatif Bouazzaoui ◽  
Ahmed A. H. Abdellatif ◽  
Faisal A. Al-Allaf ◽  
Neda M. Bogari ◽  
Saied Al-Dehlawi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Vectors ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Research Teams ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Conventional Vaccine

The current COVID-19 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has raised significant economic, social, and psychological concerns. The rapid spread of the virus, coupled with the absence of vaccines and antiviral treatments for SARS-CoV-2, has galvanized a major global endeavor to develop effective vaccines. Within a matter of just a few months of the initial outbreak, research teams worldwide, adopting a range of different strategies, embarked on a quest to develop effective vaccine that could be effectively used to suppress this virulent pathogen. In this review, we describe conventional approaches to vaccine development, including strategies employing proteins, peptides, and attenuated or inactivated pathogens in combination with adjuvants (including genetic adjuvants). We also present details of the novel strategies that were adopted by different research groups to successfully transfer recombinantly expressed antigens while using viral vectors (adenoviral and retroviral) and non-viral delivery systems, and how recently developed methods have been applied in order to produce vaccines that are based on mRNA, self-amplifying RNA (saRNA), and trans-amplifying RNA (taRNA). Moreover, we discuss the methods that are being used to enhance mRNA stability and protein production, the advantages and disadvantages of different methods, and the challenges that are encountered during the development of effective vaccines.

scholarly journals Novel 2019 coronavirus: Genome structure, clinical trials, and outstanding questions

2020 ◽  
Vol 245 (11) ◽  
pp. 964-969 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manasi P Jogalekar ◽  
Anurag Veerabathini ◽  
Prakash Gangadaran
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Genome Structure ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Spreading Potential ◽  
Conventional Vaccine

Novel 2019 coronavirus has created havoc across the globe since its emergence in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and fast spreading potential. While we were able to identify the causative agent within a few days of the disease outbreak, several questions still remain unanswered. In this review, we discuss the extent of virus spread, current statistics, SARS-CoV-2 genome organization, comparison between the novel coronavirus and causative agents involved in previous outbreaks, ongoing clinical trials and myths associated with the virus. Lastly, we provide insights into the future perspectives which could prove useful for the scientific community as they work on finding the cure against the disease. Impact statement Early availability of the sequence, the genetic material of SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19), has prompted efforts towards identifying a safe and effective vaccine in the current public health emergency. To that end, understanding the pathophysiology of disease is crucial for scientists around the world. Since conventional vaccine development and manufacturing may take several years, it is important to think about alternative strategies that we could use to mitigate imminent catastrophe. We hope that this article will open up new avenues and provide insights that could potentially save hundreds of lives affected by COVID-19.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 vaccines strategies: a comprehensive review of phase 3 candidates

npj Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolaos C. Kyriakidis ◽  
Andrés López-Cortés ◽  
Eduardo Vásconez González ◽  
Alejandra Barreto Grimaldos ◽  
Esteban Ortiz Prado
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Protein S ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The World

AbstractThe new SARS-CoV-2 virus is an RNA virus that belongs to the Coronaviridae family and causes COVID-19 disease. The newly sequenced virus appears to originate in China and rapidly spread throughout the world, becoming a pandemic that, until January 5th, 2021, has caused more than 1,866,000 deaths. Hence, laboratories worldwide are developing an effective vaccine against this disease, which will be essential to reduce morbidity and mortality. Currently, there more than 64 vaccine candidates, most of them aiming to induce neutralizing antibodies against the spike protein (S). These antibodies will prevent uptake through the human ACE-2 receptor, thereby limiting viral entrance. Different vaccine platforms are being used for vaccine development, each one presenting several advantages and disadvantages. Thus far, thirteen vaccine candidates are being tested in Phase 3 clinical trials; therefore, it is closer to receiving approval or authorization for large-scale immunizations.

Recent Advances in Clinical Trials of HCV Vaccines

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongneng Luo ◽  
Limin Jiang ◽  
Zi'an Mao
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Viral Vectors ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Viral Vector ◽  
Core Protein ◽  
Therapeutic Vaccine ◽  
Hcv Infection ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Protein Subunit ◽  
Preclinical Development

<p>  Hepatitis C virus infects nearly 3% of the global population, and spreads to 3-4 million new people annually. HCV infection is a leading cause of liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and end-stage liver diseases and causes liver-related death in more than 300,000 people each year. Unfortunately, there is currently no vaccine for HCV prevention (prophylactic vaccine) or treatment (therapeutic vaccine). Circulating HCV is genetically diverse, and therefore a broadly effective vaccine must target conserved T- and B-cell epitopes of the virus and induce strong cross-reactive CD4+/CD8+ T-cell and neutralizing antibody responses in preventing or clearing HCV infection. So far, a few of vaccine development approaches are successful and some of the HCV vaccine candidates have reached human clinical trials, including those modalities mainly based on recombinant proteins (envelope proteins and core protein subunit), synthetic peptides, DNA (plasmid) and viral vectors (virosome). Encouraging results were obtained for those HCV vaccine formulations consisting of prime-boost regimen involving a live recombinant viral vector vaccine alone or in combination with DNA or subunit vaccine. Among several other vaccine strategies under preclinical development, the most promising one is virus like particle based vaccine that will be moving into human studies soon.</p>

scholarly journals An overview of vaccine development for COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed H Shahcheraghi ◽  
Jamshid Ayatollahi ◽  
Alaa AA Aljabali ◽  
Madhur D Shastri ◽  
Shakti D Shukla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Vectors ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
World Health ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
The Public ◽  
Designed Proteins ◽  
Virus Like Particle ◽  
Virus Recombinant ◽  
Widespread Availability

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to endanger world health and the economy. The causative SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus has a unique replication system. The end point of the COVID-19 pandemic is either herd immunity or widespread availability of an effective vaccine. Multiple candidate vaccines – peptide, virus-like particle, viral vectors (replicating and nonreplicating), nucleic acids (DNA or RNA), live attenuated virus, recombinant designed proteins and inactivated virus – are presently under various stages of expansion, and a small number of vaccine candidates have progressed into clinical phases. At the time of writing, three major pharmaceutical companies, namely Pfizer and Moderna, have their vaccines under mass production and administered to the public. This review aims to investigate the most critical vaccines developed for COVID-19 to date.

scholarly journals Beneficial or an unknown risk: Immunization hesitancy in Indian population

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-71
Author(s):  
Digjeet Kaur ◽  
Mahak Gera
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Indian Population ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Unknown Risk ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
People’S Perception

The most victorious intervention in field of Public Health is immunization. It prevents 2-3 million deaths every year from diseases like diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, influenza, measles and currently to overcome the novel corona virus infection an effective vaccine is the most anticipated resolution. Despite the advancements and innovations in clinical research and healthcare, vaccine hesitancy is a threat globally. Social media has provided unmatched capacity for people to communicate but has also been a major tool for rapid spread of misconceptions and disingenuous information damaging to public health. This article aims to give an overview of vaccine hesitancy of various infectious diseases, people’s perception towards it, how social media has facilitated this movement and how to eliminate the misconception.

The insights of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Current understanding, research and therapeutic updates

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dudala Sai Sushma ◽  
Varun Jaiswal ◽  
Arvind Verma ◽  
Asha Sharma ◽  
Tarun Pal
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Biological Drugs ◽  
Plasma Therapy ◽  
Approaches To Study ◽  
Public Repositories ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Patented Inventions

Background: Humans can be infected with various coronaviruses that cause serious illness and death. One such pandemic strain of coronavirus was recently identified in December 2019 and lead to a devastating outbreak in Wuhan city of China. It is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It is highly contagious which causes symptoms such as fever, cough and shortness of breath. Objective: The objective of this review is to highlight the current understanding, research and therapeutic updates of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods: A thorough literature search was conducted for research papers and patents in context to COVID-19. All articles with respect to this subject was taken from various public repositories such as Google Scholar, Pubmed, ScienceDirect (Elsevier), Springer, Web of Science, etc. Results: The present analysis showed that key areas of the inventions were the vaccines and diagnostic kits apart from the composition for the treatment of CoV. It was also observed that no specific vaccine treatments are available for the treatment of 2019-nCov; however, developing novel chemical or biological drugs and kits for early diagnosis, prevention, and disease management is the primary governing topic among the patented inventions. The present study also indicates potential research opportunities for the future, particularly to combat 2019-nCoV. The current focus of the researches has turned towards developing four potential treatments including development of candidate vaccine, development of novel potential drugs, repurposing of existing drugs and development of convalescent plasma therapy. The PCR based diagnosis is the gold standard for the COVID-19 testing but it require resource time, expertise and high associated cost hence the researchers are also developing different diagnosis methods for the COVID-19. Although vaccines are being developed by various companies and have passed the pre-clinical stages but still there exists no guarantee for these to become the effective vaccine. The current treatments which are being used for COVID-19 patients are not well established and have limited success. Conclusion: The pandemic has challenged the medical, economic and public health infrastructure across globe. There is urgent need to explore all available and possible methods/approaches to study this disease for drug and vaccine development at the earliest.

scholarly journals AN OVERVIEW OF RECOMBINANT VACCINE TECHNOLOGY, ADJUVANTS AND VACCINE DELIVERY METHODS

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuaibu Abdullahi Hudu ◽  
Saadatu Haruna Shinkafi ◽  
Shuaibu Umar
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Journal Article ◽  
Vaccine Delivery ◽  
Recombinant Vaccine ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Routes Of Administration ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
New Generation ◽  
And Control

Development of an effective vaccine is of paramount important in disease prevention and control. As such, recombinant technology can serve as a gateway for the development of safe and effective vaccines that can be delivered effectively with an appropriate adjuvant. Therefore, this paper aimed to review the role of recombinant vaccine technology, new adjuvants and the challenge of vaccine delivery. Related peer-reviewed journal article searches were conducted using a subscribed database at the Universiti Putra Malaysia library, involving areas of Health Sciences and Medicine via Medline, SCOPUS and Google Scholar. New generation vaccines include highly purified synthetic or recombinant antigens that stimulate effective cell-mediated immune and mucosal immunity. In order to enhance their efficacy, a number of adjuvants are used. Efforts have also been made to explore the usage of non-invasive routes of administration, devices and equipment for optimized antigen and immune-potentiator delivery of the immune system. Recombinant vaccine technology is rapid, compared to the traditional method of vaccine development and does not require the handling of live viruses. It is, therefore, a promising technology for developing a future vaccine to curb emerging and re-emerging viral infections that may be life-threatening or teratogenic.

scholarly journals Coronavirus vaccine development: from SARS and MERS to COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yen-Der Li ◽  
Wei-Yu Chi ◽  
Jun-Han Su ◽  
Louise Ferrall ◽  
Chien-Fu Hung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
High Mortality ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
New Type ◽  
Pros And Cons

AbstractSevere Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a new type of coronavirus that causes the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has been the most challenging pandemic in this century. Considering its high mortality and rapid spread, an effective vaccine is urgently needed to control this pandemic. As a result, the academia, industry, and government sectors are working tightly together to develop and test a variety of vaccines at an unprecedented pace. In this review, we outline the essential coronavirus biological characteristics that are important for vaccine design. In addition, we summarize key takeaways from previous vaccination studies of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), highlighting the pros and cons of each immunization strategy. Finally, based on these prior vaccination experiences, we discuss recent progress and potential challenges of COVID-19 vaccine development.

scholarly journals Timeline of COVID-19 and its therapeutics in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 01-04
Author(s):  
Pankaj Bansal
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Therapeutic Trials ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Poor Efficacy

The novel coronavirus was first discovered and reported in December 2019. Later termed the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-COv-2) virus, rapid spread was detected in China. Overtime, SARS-COv-2 spread to various other countries requiring swift intervention on a global scale. As infection spread, several therapeutics have been investigated for Coronavirus Disease- 2019 (COVID-19), including remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine, dexamethasone, etc. Furthermore, rapid investigation and construction of several potential vaccines have begun, some of which are in late stage testing. We present a concise timeline representing the evolution of COVID-19, therapeutic trials, and vaccine development. Ultimately, evident by the overall poor efficacy of several medications investigated so far, vaccination success remains the most likely effective step to combat COVID-19.

scholarly journals COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy is associated with beliefs on the origin of the novel coronavirus in the UK and Turkey

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gul Deniz Salali ◽  
Mete Sefa Uysal
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Natural Origin ◽  
The Public ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Uk

Abstract Background Much research effort is focused on developing an effective vaccine for combatting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Vaccine development itself, however, will not be enough given that a sufficient amount of people will need to be vaccinated for widespread immunity. Vaccine hesitancy is on the rise, varies across countries, and is associated with conspiratorial worldview. Given the rise in COVID-19-related conspiracy theories, we aimed to examine the levels of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and its association with beliefs on the origin of the novel coronavirus in a cross-cultural study. Methods We conducted an online survey in the UK (N = 1088) and Turkey (N = 3936), and gathered information on participants' willingness to vaccinate for a potential COVID-19 vaccine, beliefs on the origin of the novel coronavirus, and several behavioural and demographic predictors (such as anxiety, risk perception, government satisfaction levels) that influence vaccination and origin beliefs. Results In all, 31% of the participants in Turkey and 14% in the UK were unsure about getting themselves vaccinated for a COVID-19 vaccine. In both countries, 3% of the participants rejected to be vaccinated. Also, 54% of the participants in Turkey and 63% in the UK believed in the natural origin of the novel coronavirus. Believing in the natural origin significantly increased the odds of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. Conclusions Our results point at a concerning level of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, especially in Turkey, and suggest that wider communication of the scientific consensus on the origin of the novel coronavirus with the public may help future campaigns targeting COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy.

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