scholarly journals Accelerating Global Ocean Observing: Monitoring the Coastal Ocean Through Broadly Accessible, Low-Cost Sensor Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 82-83
Author(s):  
Zhaohui Aleck Wang
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Coastal Ocean ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Policy Formation ◽  
Global Network ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Spatiotemporal Resolution ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fishing Fleets

Abstract The global coastal ocean provides food and other critical resources to human societies. Yet this habitat, for which many depend, has experienced severe degradation from human activities. The rates of human-induced changes along the coast demand significantly improved coverage of ocean observations in order to support science-based decision making and policy formation tailored to specific regions. Our proposal envisions developing a global network of low-cost, easily produced and readily deployed oceanographic sensors for use on a wide variety of platforms in the coastal ocean. A substantially large number of these sensors can thus be installed on existing infrastructure, ships of opportunity, and fishing fleets, or even individually along the coast, particularly in vulnerable and disadvantaged regions. This would vastly increase the spatiotemporal resolution of the current data coverage along the coast, allowing greater equitable access. It would also offer significant opportunities for partnership with communities, NGOs, governments, and other stakeholders, as well as a wide range of commercial and industrial sectors to develop and deploy sensors in scalable networks transmitting data in near-real time. Finally, it presents a vastly lowered bar for participation by citizen scientists and other engaged members of the public to address location-specific coastal problems anywhere in the world.

scholarly journals Toward the widespread application of low-cost technologies in coastal ocean observing (Internet of Things for the Ocean)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARCO MARCELLI ◽  
VIVIANA PIERMATTEI ◽  
RICCARDO GERIN ◽  
FABIO BRUNETTI ◽  
ERMANNO PIETROSEMOLI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Communication Systems ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Coastal Ocean ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Widespread Application ◽  
Development Framework ◽  
Ocean Observing

The ability to access user-friendly, low-cost instrumentation remains a limiting factor in coastal ocean observing. The majority of currently available marine observation equipment is difficult to deploy, costly to operate, and requires specific technical skills. Moreover, a harmonized observation program for the world’s coastal waters has not yet been established despite the efforts of the global ocean organizations. Global observational systems are mainly focused on open ocean waters and do not include coastal and shelf areas, where models and satellites require large data sets for their calibration and validation. Fortunately, recent technological advances have created opportunities to improve sensors, platforms, and communications that will enable a step-change in coastal ocean observing, which will be driven by a decreasing cost of the components, the availability of cheap housing, low-cost controller/data loggers based on embedded systems, and low/no subscription costs for LPWAN communication systems. Considering the above necessities and opportunities, POGO’s OpenMODs project identified a series of general needs/requirements to be met in an Open science development framework. In order to satisfy monitoring and research necessities, the sensors to be implemented must be easily interfaced with the data acquisition and transmission system, as well as compliant with accuracy and stability requirements. Here we propose an approach to co-design a cost-effective observing modular instrument architecture based on available low-cost measurement and data transmission technologies, able to be mounted/operated on various platforms. This instrument can fit the needs of a large community that includes scientific research (including those in developing countries), non-scientific stakeholders, and educators.

A Tweakable Key Alternating Lightweight Cipher for Internet of Things

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 113-133
Author(s):  
Mary Shamala L. ◽  
Zayaraz G. ◽  
Vivekanandan K. ◽  
Vijayalakshmi V.
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Communication Protocols ◽  
Global Network ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Lightweight Cryptography ◽  
Cryptographic Algorithm ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Lightweight Cipher

Internet of things (IoT) is a global network of uniquely addressable interconnected things, based on standard communication protocols. As the number of devices connected to the IoT escalates, they are becoming a likely target for hackers. Also, the limited resources of IoT devices makes the security on top of the actual functionality of the device. Therefore, the cryptographic algorithm for such devices has to be devised as small as possible. To tackle the resource constrained nature of IoT devices, this article presents a lightweight cryptography algorithm based on a single permutation and iterated Even-Mansour construction. The proposed algorithm is implemented in low cost microcontrollers, thus making it suitable for a wide range of IoT nodes.

scholarly journals A Low-Cost Electromagnetic Docking Guidance System for Micro Autonomous Underwater Vehicles

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shilin Peng ◽  
Jingbiao Liu ◽  
Junhao Wu ◽  
Chong Li ◽  
Benkun Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Autonomous Underwater Vehicles ◽  
Underwater Vehicles ◽  
Guidance System ◽  
Electromagnetic Signal ◽  
Spatiotemporal Resolution ◽  
Search Coil ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Processing Subsystem

As important observational platforms for the Smart Ocean concept, autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) that perform long-term observation in fleets are beneficial because they provide large-scale sampling data with a sufficient spatiotemporal resolution. Therefore, a large number of low-cost micro AUVs with docking capability for power recharge and data transmission are essential. This study designed a low-cost electromagnetic docking guidance (EMDG) system for micro AUVs. The EMDG system is composed of a transmitter coil located on the dock and a three-axial search coil magnetometer acting as a receiver. The search coil magnetometer was optimized for small sizes while maintaining sufficient sensitivity. The signal conditioning and processing subsystem was designed to calculate the deflection angle (β) for docking guidance. Underwater docking tests showed that the system can detect the electromagnetic signal and successfully guide AUV docking. The AUV can still perform docking in extreme positions, which cannot be realized through normal optical or acoustic guidance. This study is the first to focus on the EM guidance system for low-cost micro AUVs. The search coil sensor in the AUV is inexpensive and compact so that the system can be equipped on a wide range of AUVs.

Aim, activities and early outcomes of the Coastal Working Group of the European Global Ocean Observing System (EuroGOOS)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghada El Serafy ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Working Group ◽  
White Paper ◽  
Coastal Ocean ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Operational Modelling ◽  
Leisure And Recreation

<p>The major interface between humans and the ocean occurs in the coastal seas. Marine industries thrive in this area while European citizens make daily use of the coastal ocean for tourism, leisure and recreation. Operational oceanography assists both industry and the general public to make decisions about their use of and access to the coastal ocean. The EuroGOOS community has developed, based on in-situ and satellite observations, data and modelling capacities, a wide range of products and services for such use cases. <br>The EuroGOOS Coastal working group examines the entire value chain from coastal observations, satellite data, ocean forecasts and analysis, to products and services for coastal users. The working group reviews sustainability and fitness for purpose of the existing system and identifies gaps and future steps needed to secure and improve all elements of the coastal value chain. The EuroGOOS Coastal Working Group builds upon significant initiatives already completed or underway that have focused on coastal observatories. These include, but are not limited to, the work of EMODnet, SeaDataNet, CLMS, and CMEMS-In Situ Thematic Centres (INS TACs), which play significant role in making available key datasets for coastal areas, the JERICO-NEXT and JERICO-S3 EC projects, which work towards sustaining the JERICO-RI on long term, as well as activities within EuroGOOS working groups, platforms task teams, and the five regional operational oceanographic systems (ROOS). <br>More specifically, the main activities of the EuroGOOS Coastal Working Group are: (i) mapping primary users of coastal products, (ii) reviewing available and potential coastal data sources with special focus on river discharges, (iii) preparing a comprehensive inventory of European operational models, (iv) reviewing coastal data assimilation frameworks for optimizing coastal sea monitoring and forecasting systems, (v) preparing an inventory of integrated coastal products and services, and (vi) formulating a EuroGOOS roadmap for the enhanced integration of coastal services into a EuroGOOS Coastal Working Group White Paper. <br>The outcomes of the EuroGOOS Coastal Working Group activities are primarily designed to support four specific areas of the EuroGOOS Strategic Agenda 2020 and the short-term priority areas, namely (1) sustained fit for purpose observations, (2) data matters, (3) product development and (4) communication and outreach. On the other hand, in broader sense these activities contribute to the coastal community through peer reviewed articles such as the review of operational modelling capacity in European Seas (Capet et al., submitted) and by promoting collaboration to initiate new opportunities to effectively serve the coastal users in the industry (e.g. aquaculture sector) as in the H2020 FORCOAST project (www.forcoast.eu). </p>

Development of a Coastal Ocean Observing System for the Gulf of Mexico

2006 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 100-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann E. Jochens ◽  
Worth D. Nowlin
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Storm Surge ◽  
Coastal Ocean ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Emergency Managers ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ocean Observing ◽  
Ocean Observing Systems ◽  
Observing Systems

The Gulf of Mexico Coastal Ocean Observing System (GCOOS) is being developed as one of the regional coastal ocean observing systems under the U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS), which is a contribution to the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS). GCOOS will be a sustained ocean observing system that provides data, information, and products on marine and estuarine systems to a wide range of users. A GCOOS Regional Association (GCOOS-RA) has been established to develop GCOOS. Activities to build GCOOS have included development of an inventory of extant observing systems, connection of real-time physical data from extant systems into the National Data Buoy Center via the Internet, and establishment and implementation of mechanisms for ongoing identification of (1) stakeholder requirements and priorities and (2) priority pilot projects to meet regional needs. A storm surge and inundation workshop is being held to identify the measurements and products needed by emergency managers and responders to better predict and mitigate effects of storm surge and inundation in the southeastern U.S. and Gulf of Mexico. Funding for enhancements to the GCOOS is being sought from governmental and private sources. For GCOOS to evolve to its full potential, new federal resources targeted to regional coastal ocean observing systems must be committed.

scholarly journals High spatial resolution global ocean metagenomes from Bio-GO-SHIP repeat hydrography transects

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alyse A. Larkin ◽  
Catherine A. Garcia ◽  
Nathan Garcia ◽  
Melissa L. Brock ◽  
Jenna A. Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Median Number ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
State Variables ◽  
Spatiotemporal Resolution ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Physical And Chemical

AbstractDetailed descriptions of microbial communities have lagged far behind physical and chemical measurements in the marine environment. Here, we present 971 globally distributed surface ocean metagenomes collected at high spatio-temporal resolution. Our low-cost metagenomic sequencing protocol produced 3.65 terabases of data, where the median number of base pairs per sample was 3.41 billion. The median distance between sampling stations was 26 km. The metagenomic libraries described here were collected as a part of a biological initiative for the Global Ocean Ship-based Hydrographic Investigations Program, or “Bio-GO-SHIP.” One of the primary aims of GO-SHIP is to produce high spatial and vertical resolution measurements of key state variables to directly quantify climate change impacts on ocean environments. By similarly collecting marine metagenomes at high spatiotemporal resolution, we expect that this dataset will help answer questions about the link between microbial communities and biogeochemical fluxes in a changing ocean.

scholarly journals Stationary and portable multipollutant monitors for high-spatiotemporal-resolution air quality studies including online calibration

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 995-1013
Author(s):  
Colby Buehler ◽  
Fulizi Xiong ◽  
Misti Levy Zamora ◽  
Kate M. Skog ◽  
Joseph Kohrman-Glaser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Personal Exposure ◽  
Atmospheric Pollutants ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Concentration Data ◽  
Spatiotemporal Resolution ◽  
Online Calibration ◽  
High Spatiotemporal Resolution ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract. The distribution and dynamics of atmospheric pollutants are spatiotemporally heterogeneous due to variability in emissions, transport, chemistry, and deposition. To understand these processes at high spatiotemporal resolution and their implications for air quality and personal exposure, we present custom, low-cost air quality monitors that measure concentrations of contaminants relevant to human health and climate, including gases (e.g., O3, NO, NO2, CO, CO2, CH4, and SO2) and size-resolved (0.3–10 µm) particulate matter. The devices transmit sensor data and location via cellular communications and are capable of providing concentration data down to second-level temporal resolution. We produce two models: one designed for stationary (or mobile platform) operation and a wearable, portable model for directly measuring personal exposure in the breathing zone. To address persistent problems with sensor drift and environmental sensitivities (e.g., relative humidity and temperature), we present the first online calibration system designed specifically for low-cost air quality sensors to calibrate zero and span concentrations at hourly to weekly intervals. Monitors are tested and validated in a number of environments across multiple outdoor and indoor sites in New Haven, CT; Baltimore, MD; and New York City. The evaluated pollutants (O3, NO2, NO, CO, CO2, and PM2.5) performed well against reference instrumentation (e.g., r=0.66–0.98) in urban field evaluations with fast e-folding response times (≤ 1 min), making them suitable for both large-scale network deployments and smaller-scale targeted experiments at a wide range of temporal resolutions. We also provide a discussion of best practices on monitor design, construction, systematic testing, and deployment.

scholarly journals High spatial resolution global ocean metagenomes from Bio-GO-SHIP repeat hydrography transects

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alyse A. Larkin ◽  
Catherine A. Garcia ◽  
Melissa L. Brock ◽  
Jenna A. Lee ◽  
Nathan Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Median Number ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
State Variables ◽  
Spatiotemporal Resolution ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Physical And Chemical

AbstractDetailed descriptions of microbial communities have lagged far behind physical and chemical measurements in the marine environment. Here, we present 720 globally distributed surface ocean metagenomes collected at high spatio-temporal resolution. Our low-cost metagenomic sequencing protocol produced 2.75 terabases of data, where the median number of base pairs per sample was 3.48 billion. The median distance between sampling stations was 26 km. The metagenomic libraries described here were collected as a part of a biological initiative for the Global Ocean Ship-based Hydrographic Investigations Program, or “Bio-GO-SHIP.” One of the primary aims of GO-SHIP is to produce high spatial and vertical resolution measurements of key state variables to directly quantify climate change impacts on ocean environments. By similarly collecting marine metagenomes at high spatiotemporal resolution, we expect that this dataset will help answer questions about the link between microbial communities and biogeochemical fluxes in a changing ocean.

scholarly journals Stationary and Portable Multipollutant Monitors for High Spatiotemporal Resolution Air Quality Studies including Online Calibration

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colby Buehler ◽  
Fulizi Xiong ◽  
Misti Levy Zamora ◽  
Kate M. Skog ◽  
Joseph Kohrman-Glaser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Personal Exposure ◽  
Atmospheric Pollutants ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Concentration Data ◽  
Spatiotemporal Resolution ◽  
Online Calibration ◽  
High Spatiotemporal Resolution ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract. The distribution and dynamics of atmospheric pollutants are spatiotemporally heterogeneous due to variability in emissions, transport, chemistry, and deposition. To understand these processes at high spatiotemporal resolution and their implications for air quality and personal exposure, we present custom, low-cost air quality monitors that measure concentrations of contaminants relevant to human health and climate, including gases (e.g. O3, NO, NO2, CO, CO2, CH4, and SO2) and size-resolved (0.3–10 µm) particulate matter. The devices transmit sensor data and location via cellular communications, and are capable of providing concentration data down to second-level temporal resolution. We produce two models; one designed for stationary (or mobile platform) operation, and a wearable, portable model for directly measuring personal exposure in the breathing zone. To address persistent problems with sensor drift and environmental sensitivities (e.g. relative humidity and temperature), we present the first online calibration system designed specifically for low-cost air quality sensors to calibrate zero and span concentrations at hourly to weekly intervals. Monitors are tested and validated in a number of environments across multiple outdoor and indoor sites in New Haven, CT, Baltimore, MD, and New York City. The evaluated pollutants (O3, NO2, NO, CO, CO2, and PM2.5) performed well against reference instrumentation (e.g. r = 0.66–0.98) in urban field evaluations with fast e-folding response times (≤ 1 min), making them suitable for both large-scale network deployments and smaller-scale targeted experiments at a wide range of temporal resolutions. We also provide a discussion of best practices on monitor design, construction, systematic testing, and deployment.

Transformation of social networking sites’ usage patterns – a threat to health?

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S319-S319
Author(s):  
A.R. Szczegielniak ◽  
K. Palka ◽  
K. Krysta
Keyword(s):  
Social Networking ◽  
Social Networking Sites ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Global Network ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Usage Patterns ◽  
Huge Impact ◽  
On Line ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
Technical Capacity

IntroductionInternet as a vast global network, consisting of commercial, educational, informational and communicational facilities, has a huge impact on human behavior. Designed simultaneously by the needs of users and technical capacity, has become an addictive medium thanks to low cost of usage and broad availability. Social networking sites (SNSs) have a special place in the cyberspace. Due to the wide range of services, additionally differing on latitude, age and other variables, SNSs’ impact on a life of an average user is difficult to assess.AimThe study assess the changes between 2013 and 2015 in usage patterns and impact of the social networking sites on users with focus on possibility of dependence development and emphasis on gender differences.Materials and methodsAnonymous questionnaire, available on-line, was prepared solely for the purpose of the study. Questions were related to the types and frequency of specific activities undertaken by the private profiles of users and based on pilot study conducted in January 2013.ResultsThe first stage (March–April 2013) consisted of 1248 respondents, the second stage (August–September 2015) gathered 1112 respondents. Research showed changes in age of users, type of information looked for and tools used to browse SNSs.ConclusionsPrivate profiles are no longer used only for communication or personal expression; it is a new way of getting to know what is happening and sharing voices of communities. As a tool of making money, which is more and more visible, SNSs interfere with previous patterns of portals’ usage.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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