Selection of Populations of the Granary Weevil Sitophilus granarius L. more Resistant to Methyl Bromide Fumigation

1956 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. U. Monro ◽  
E. Upitis
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Halogenated Hydrocarbons ◽  
Ethylene Dichloride ◽  
Sitophilus Granarius ◽  
Granary Weevil ◽  
Ethylene Dibromide ◽  
The World ◽  
Control Insect ◽  
Selection Of

Today methyl bromide is being used throughout the world to control insect pests. Intrinsically it is not among the most toxic of insect fumigants, but it has a combination of properties which gives it an unique position among gaseous insecticides. Of particular importance are its powers of penetration and its non-inflammability under normal fumigating conditions. Methyl bromide is important also as the leading fumigant in a group, the halogenated hydrocarbons, which includes other widely used fumigants such as ethylene dibromide, ethylene dichloride, and ethylene chlorobromide.

scholarly journals Contributions to the Knowledge of Morphology of the Granary Weevil (Sitophilus Granarius L.), Major Pest of the Stored Cereals

1970 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian DINUŢĂ ◽  
Horia BUNESCU ◽  
Ilonka BODIŞ
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Sitophilus Granarius ◽  
Granary Weevil ◽  
Complex Study ◽  
Sexual Pheromones ◽  
The World ◽  
Major Pest

To solve the multiple practical aspects raised by the achieving of cereals stocks protection (especially wheat and corn) against granary weevil Sitophilus granarius L., the research aimed a complex study on the sexual dimorphism at this species, aspect which help to prevent the weevils damages using unpollutant methods (with the aid of sexual pheromones, ovogenesis inhibitors, etc.). Due to the summarily data in the scientific literature of the world refering to the sexual dimorphism of the species, a detailed study was made within the Entomology Laboratory at the Faculty of Agriculture of USAMV Cluj-Napoca and at the Center of Electronical Microscopy of Babeş-Bolyai University in Cluj-Napoca (Romania), during 2005-2009

scholarly journals Insights into the Toxicity and Degradation Mechanisms of Imidacloprid Via Physicochemical and Microbial Approaches

Toxics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Shimei Pang ◽  
Ziqiu Lin ◽  
Yuming Zhang ◽  
Wenping Zhang ◽  
Nasser Alansary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Emerging Contaminant ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Degradation Mechanisms ◽  
The World ◽  
Neonicotinoid Insecticide ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Control Insect

Imidacloprid is a neonicotinoid insecticide that has been widely used to control insect pests in agricultural fields for decades. It shows insecticidal activity mainly by blocking the normal conduction of the central nervous system in insects. However, in recent years, imidacloprid has been reported to be an emerging contaminant in all parts of the world, and has different toxic effects on a variety of non-target organisms, including human beings, due to its large-scale use. Hence, the removal of imidacloprid from the ecosystem has received widespread attention. Different remediation approaches have been studied to eliminate imidacloprid residues from the environment, such as oxidation, hydrolysis, adsorption, ultrasound, illumination, and biodegradation. In nature, microbial degradation is one of the most important processes controlling the fate of and transformation from imidacloprid use, and from an environmental point of view, it is the most promising means, as it is the most effective, least hazardous, and most environmentally friendly. To date, several imidacloprid-degrading microbes, including Bacillus, Pseudoxanthomonas, Mycobacterium, Rhizobium, Rhodococcus, and Stenotrophomonas, have been characterized for biodegradation. In addition, previous studies have found that many insects and microorganisms have developed resistance genes to and degradation enzymes of imidacloprid. Furthermore, the metabolites and degradation pathways of imidacloprid have been reported. However, reviews of the toxicity and degradation mechanisms of imidacloprid are rare. In this review, the toxicity and degradation mechanisms of imidacloprid are summarized in order to provide a theoretical and practical basis for the remediation of imidacloprid-contaminated environments.

scholarly journals Durum Wheat Cultivars Express Different Level of Resistance to Granary Weevil, Sitophilus granarius (Coleoptera; Curculionidae) Infestation

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 343
Author(s):  
Darija Lemic ◽  
Katarina M. Mikac ◽  
Matej Genda ◽  
Željko Jukić ◽  
Ivana Pajač Živković
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Storage Time ◽  
Sitophilus Granarius ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Progeny Production ◽  
Granary Weevil ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Insect Attack ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Selection Of

The granary weevil, Sitophilus granarius Linnaeus 1875, is a primary pest of stored grains worldwide. Feeding damage and progeny production of S. granarius was estimated to identify the levels of resistance of the insect on different durum wheat cultivars. Insect attack on four different durum wheat cultivars was investigated over a period of 20 weeks. Durum wheats were artificially infected with 20 individuals of S. granarius. Every two weeks the sample weight, hectoliter weight, moisture and the number of live weevils, including their number of progenies, were recorded. Overall findings revealed different levels of resistance of different durum wheat cultivars to S. granarius infestation. The Primadur cultivar had the highest resistance, followed by the Marco Aurelio and Cesare cultivars followed finally by the Tito Flavio cultivar which was highly susceptible to S. granarius. For all cultivars, apart from Primadur, S. granarius metabolism increased humidity and temperature, leading to grain degradation and resulting in the potential complete loss of market value if under field conditions. Evidently, durum wheat characteristics affect the life cycle of S. granarius, primarily their progeny, and thus the damage they undertake to the wheat itself. These findings are important because they enable the strategic selection of wheat cultivars that can be stored for a longer time period, while more sensitive wheat cultivars can be selected for shorter storage time and thus faster delivery to market.

Electrophysiological and Behavioral Activity of (E)-2-Hexenal in the Granary Weevil and Its Application in Food Packaging

2012 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 366-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. GERMINARA ◽  
A. CONTE ◽  
A. DE CRISTOFARO ◽  
L. LECCE ◽  
A. DI PALMA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Packaging ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Behavioral Activity ◽  
Granary Weevil ◽  
Cereal Products ◽  
Food Packages ◽  
Active Coating ◽  
Internal Side ◽  
Wheat Kernels ◽  
Control Insect

The purpose of this work was to develop a biodegradable carrier material to control insect pests in cereal products. To this aim, (E)-2-hexenal was used, being a natural compound with antimicrobial activity that is also commonly adopted as a flavoring agent. Three coating layers of polycaprolactone (PCL) were spread onto the internal side of a paperboard carton, the first being the active coating containing (E)-2-hexenal. The antennal sensitivity of Sitophilus granarius to a broad range of doses of (E)-2-hexenal was first demonstrated. Next, the ability of different concentrations of this compound to disrupt the orientation of adult S. granarius beetles to odors of intact wheat kernels was established in a two-choice pitfall bioassay. In addition, invasion tests were carried out over an 8-week period to highlight the effects of the biobased repellent packaging and their potential persistence. The results demonstrated that during the entire monitoring period, the percentage of S. granarius adults found in cartons coated with (E)-2-hexenal–loaded multilayer PCL was about 10% of the total number of insects used in the bioassay, very low compared with the respective control samples, thus assessing both the effectiveness and persistence of the repellent system developed. Although the infestation level of treated packages was reduced relative to the infestation levels in the controls, any infestation of food packages is unacceptable to consumers, so further tests are required to determine whether infestation can be completely prevented using (E)-2-hexenal.

Analysis of Grains for Multiple Residues of Organic Fumigants

1969 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 800-805
Author(s):  
Bernadette Malone
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Electron Capture ◽  
Carbon Disulfide ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Steam Distillation ◽  
Acid Reflux ◽  
Ethylene Dichloride ◽  
Ethylene Dibromide

Abstract A sweep co-distillation procedure, a published steam distillation procedure, and an adaptation of an established acid reflux procedure for isolating fumigant residues were compared. Residues were detectable by electron capture gas chromatography at levels approaching or surpassing 0.1 ppm. Fumigants used were carbon tetrachloride, carbon disulfide, ethylene dichloride, ethylene dibromide, methyl bromide, and chloroform. Comparison of the three methods, using the same detection for all, showed that acid reflux was the most promising procedure for recovering added fumigants from grain and extracting fumigation residues. This procedure should be further refined.

Method for Determining Multiple Residues of Organic Fumigants in Cereal Grains

1970 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 742-746
Author(s):  
Bernadette Malone
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Acid Medium ◽  
Electron Capture ◽  
Carbon Disulfide ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Ethylene Dichloride ◽  
Ethylene Dibromide ◽  
Solvent Residues

Abstract A method is described for determination of residues of the fumigants methyl bromide, carbon disulfide, chloroform, ethylene dichloride, carbon tetrachloride, and ethylene dibromide in cereal grains. Whole or ground grain is boiled in an acid medium, and the volatile fumigants are dried and collected in cold solvent. Residues are determined by analyzing aliquots of the collected solution by electron capture GLC. Recoveries range from 59 to 105%. Extraction appears to be complete in the 2 hr boiling period specified. An unexplained conversion of carbon tetrachloride to chloroform is described.

scholarly journals Socio-economic study of insecticide use on vegetable cultivation at farm level in Chittagong region

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Mohiuddin ◽  
MM Hossain ◽  
AKMM Rahman ◽  
MS Palash
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Pesticide Application ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Safety Measures ◽  
Input Use ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
Control Insect ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Vegetable Cultivation

The study was conducted in Satkania, Patiya and Hathazari upazilas of Chittagong district during 2008 to identify different pest problems and practices, input use and economic returns at farmers' levels. About 95% of the farmers relied on the application of insecticides to control insect pests and they said that the insecticides use was profitable. Majority of the farmers of Patiya sprayed insecticides more than 40 times in brinjal cultivation. For other selected vegetables, farmer's sprayed insecticide more than 15 times in a season. Especially for Satkania, majority of the farmers sprayed every alternative day while in the winter, the spraying frequency was reduced once a week. Pesticide dealers were the major source of information to farmers on the selection of chemicals and application methods. Very few farmers used protective measures or safety measures during pesticide application, only 39% of the respondents did not use any safety measures where 21% of the vegetable growers covered their body and faces. Eight percent covered their face and 32% covered their body at the time of spraying. On an average 61% believed that pesticide application are harmful to farm labour, 40% farmers expressed their views that pesticide application pollute water and air. Keywords: Insecticide use; Vegetable cultivation; Socio-economic characteristics DOI: 10.3329/jbau.v7i2.4745 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 7(2): 343-350, 2009

“To Corrupt a Man in the Midst of a Verse”: Ben Jonson and the Prose of the World

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-72
Author(s):  
Jacob Tootalian
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Mode ◽  
Ben Jonson ◽  
Digital Analysis ◽  
Interactive Engagement ◽  
Sentence Level ◽  
Linguistic Patterns ◽  
The World ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Bartholomew Fair

Ben Jonson's early plays show a marked interest in prose as a counterpoint to the blank verse norm of the Renaissance stage. This essay presents a digital analysis of Jonson's early mixed-mode plays and his two later full-prose comedies. It examines this selection of the Jonsonian corpus using DocuScope, a piece of software that catalogs sentence-level features of texts according to a series of rhetorical categories, highlighting the distinctive linguistic patterns associated with Jonson's verse and prose. Verse tends to employ abstract, morally and emotionally charged language, while prose is more often characterized by expressions that are socially explicit, interrogative, and interactive. In the satirical economy of these plays, Jonson's characters usually adopt verse when they articulate censorious judgements, descending into prose when they wade into the intractable banter of the vicious world. Surprisingly, the prosaic signature that Jonson fashioned in his earlier drama persisted in the two later full-prose comedies. The essay presents readings of Every Man Out of his Humour and Bartholomew Fair, illustrating how the tension between verse and prose that motivated the satirical dynamics of the mixed-mode plays was released in the full-prose comedies. Jonson's final experiments with theatrical prose dramatize the exhaustion of the satirical impulse by submerging his characters almost entirely in the prosaic world of interactive engagement.

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