A Portable Mechanical Insect Trap

1960 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. F. Nicholls
Keyword(s):  
Electric Motor ◽  
Horizontal Plane ◽  
The Other ◽  
Central Axis ◽  
Insect Trap ◽  
Flying Insects ◽  
Conical Nets

A trap for flying insects that incorporates some of the principles described by Williams and Milne (1935) and Chamberlin and Lawson (1910) was constructed. It consists basically of two conical nets that rotate in a horizontal plane around a central axis that is driven by an electric motor through a series of pulleys. The efficiency of the trap is not affected by wind as an increased airflow through one net is balanced by a decreased airflow through the other. It is green in colour to blend with its surroundings. The trap (Fig. 1) is 5½ feet high at the centre. It has three main sections (Fig. 2): the framework, the drivillg mechanism, and the nets.

scholarly journals 4. On a Thermomagnetic Thermoscope

1880 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 538-539
Author(s):  
W. Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Moment ◽  
Horizontal Plane ◽  
Hardened Steel ◽  
The Other ◽  
Silk Fibre ◽  
Steel Wires ◽  
The One

This thermoscope is founded on the change produced in the magnetic moment of a steel magnet by change of temperature. Several different forms suggest themselves: the one which seems best adapted to give good results is to be made as follows:—(1.) Prepare an approximately astatic system of two thin, hardened steel wires, r b, r′ b′, each 1 cm. long, one of them, r, b, hung by a single silk fibre, and the other hung bifilarly from it, by fibres about 3 cms. long, so attached that the projections of the two, on a horizontal plane, shall be inclined at an angle of about ·01 of a radian (or ·57°) to one another.

Contractile differences between muscle units in the medial rectus and lateral rectus muscles in the cat

1986 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Meredith ◽  
S. J. Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
Horizontal Plane ◽  
Complex Interaction ◽  
Contractile Properties ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lateral Rectus ◽  
Medial Rectus ◽  
Types Of Muscle Fibers ◽  
Horizontal Gaze ◽  
Afferent Inputs ◽  
Central Factors

Conjugate eye movements in the horizontal plane are accomplished by the coactivation of the medial rectus (MR) muscle of one orbit and the lateral rectus (LR) muscle of the other. While control of these excursions has been thought to be effected by identical inputs to these muscles, recent studies have demonstrated that MR motoneurons receive different inputs than LR motoneurons. This raises the question of whether the character of the muscles they control are different. The present study evaluated the contractile properties of MR and LR muscle units in the cat. Based on the mechanical aspects of their contractile properties, only two physiological types of muscle units were identified within the MR and LR muscles: twitch and non-twitch muscle units. Twitch muscle units represented over 90% of the units sampled in each muscle. Significant differences in the rate-related and the tension-related contractile properties were demonstrated between MR and LR twitch muscle units. MR muscle units exhibited significantly faster twitch contractions than did LR units. The rate of stimulation at which MR units exhibited fused tetany was significantly higher than for LR units, although units from both muscles demonstrated similar rates of rise of tension at fusion. The rate of rise of tension was closely correlated to tension production (twitch and tetanus) in each muscle. However, MR muscle units demonstrated significantly weaker maximum tetanic tensions and lower tetanus-to-twitch ratios than LR units. These data indicate that while similar physiological types of muscle fibers are present within the MR and LR, MR muscle units are adapted for faster rate-related properties, whereas LR units are adapted for greater tetanic tensions. These distinctions between MR and LR muscle units, coupled with differences between the afferent inputs to their respective motoneurons, suggest that the preservation of conjugacy during horizontal gaze shifts may require a complex interaction of peripheral and central factors.

Numerical Analysis of Temperature Field in Laser Cladding on Teeth Surfaces of Gear Shaft

2010 ◽  
Vol 29-32 ◽  
pp. 571-576
Author(s):  
Lie Chen ◽  
Pei Lin Xie
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Field ◽  
Laser Beam ◽  
Laser Cladding ◽  
Horizontal Plane ◽  
Laser Energy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Analysis Software ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Result Show ◽  
Two Sides

Temperature field of laser cladding on teeth surfaces of gear shaft was numerical simulated with finite element analysis software – ANSYS. The simulation result show that the heat caused by laser beam is concentrated inside the tooth mostly. An effect of preheating in the adjacent tooth is also brought about by injected laser energy. In order to make use of the effect of preheating and avoid the concentration of heat, all of the corresponding flanks of teeth should be cladded first and the other flanks of teeth be cladded secondly in the process of laser cladding. It is also shown that the problems of excessive melted down and collapsing of tooth-tip would be easily resulted in by the heat that concentrated in tooth-tip if the tooth-side and tooth-tip be cladded at the same time. The results of analysis and experiment show that at least two times of scanning should be executed in the process of laser cladding on teeth surfaces. At the first scanning, dimension of laser beam should be reduced properly. And the tooth-tip should not be irradiated directly by laser beam. After the first scanning, the gear should be circumrotated a certain angle. And the included angles between the two sides of tooth-tip and horizontal plane should be approximately equal. Then the second scanning could be prosecuted at the tooth-tip. Experiment results show that continuous and compact cladding coat could be gained by this craft. It is proved that this technological craft is reasonable and effective.

More Reflections

Tempo ◽  
1983 ◽  
pp. 12-14
Author(s):  
Robert Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Big Bang ◽  
The Other ◽  
Central Axis ◽  
Apparent Absence ◽  
Actual Experience ◽  
Gravitational Pull ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe

Any imaginative hypothesis must be seminal, and Jonathan Harvey's is no exception. As he points out, a number of composers have been fascinated by the idea of harmonic structures radiating above and below a central axis in reflecting intervals. He says ‘from either side’ rather than ‘above and below’, and perhaps advisedly, for as soon as the concept of ‘below’ is permitted, so is that of gravity. The thesis depends on the removal of gravity in what is essentially a placeless, directionless space, without perceptible ups, downs, or sides. Swedenborg's rarified and not altogether realistic ideas come from a mysticism that is unclear about the nature of space. There are relative directions in space; it has dimensions; it is full of energy and radiation; in it gravity is inescapable. A man floating between earth and moon may not be aware of it, but he will drift in one direction or the other, according to which gravitational pull is the stronger. We can estimate at least roughly the distances between the galaxies, and their relative positions, their rates of movement away from each other if they do not belong to the same group. If the theory that in music the bass has moved to the middle refers to the apparent absence of an absolute bottom to the universe, it can be regarded as at least plausible, though without much basis in actual experience, and scarcely susceptible to proof. Where is this axis from which things radiate? It is not, presumably, a fixed and all too audible persistent internal pedal. No doubt it was there at the beginning, like the Big Bang, to be afterwards detected only by means of some residual musical radiation. It becomes an imaginary, or remembered, point.

Two Egyptian Construction Tools

1993 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-167
Author(s):  
John F. Lamb
Keyword(s):  
Horizontal Plane ◽  
Vertical Plane ◽  
The Other

Among the objects in the Ramses II exhibition at Fair Park in Dallas in 1989 were two tools from the tomb of Sen-nedjem, one of Ramses II's workmen. One was a level for determining the horizontal plane, the other was a plumb level for determining the vertical plane.

Some Dimensions of the Angular Acceleration Receptor Systems of Cephalopods

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Maddock ◽  
J. Z. Young
Keyword(s):  
Angular Velocity ◽  
Frequency Band ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Horizontal Plane ◽  
Angular Acceleration ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Radius Of Curvature ◽  
Internal Radius ◽  
Neutrally Buoyant

The shapes and dimensions of the statocysts of cephalopods have been measured and compared with the semi-circular canals of vertebrates. The cavities grow much more slowly than the body as a whole, but there are knobs, anticristae, which restrict the cavity, and these grow relatively faster. This ensures that the flow of endolymph across the cupulae remains small. Where the liquid is constrained within canals the radius of curvature of the whole canal, R, is similar to that of fishes, whereas its internal radius, r, is twice as large in non-buoyant and four times as large in deep-sea buoyant cephalopods as in fishes of similar size. As in fishes the restriction is greatest in the horizontal plane, providing for operation at higher frequencies in turning about the yaw axis.The statocysts of seven species of Loligo all have similar proportions. The largest individuals of 16 genera of non-buoyant squids also have these same relative dimensions. The statocyst of Sepia is more like that of non-buoyant than of other buoyant cephalopods but yet differs significantly from that of Loligo at all sizes. On the other hand 21 genera of squids known to be neutrally buoyant are very different. Their statocysts are often larger than in the non-buoyant forms and there is less restriction of the cavity by anticristae. The greater flow of endolymph acting across the cupulae presumably provides greater sensitivity at the lower frequencies of turning of these deep-sea animals.The data suggest that the cristae of the cephalopod statocyst may operate in the frequency band where they act as angular accelerometers whereas the vertebrate semi-circular canals operate at higher frequencies as angular velocity meters.

The genus Schizotechium (Caryophyllaceae) resurrected

Phytotaxa ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 252 (1) ◽  
pp. 81 ◽  
Author(s):  
PRASHANT K. PUSALKAR ◽  
S.K. SRIVASTAVA
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Central Axis ◽  
Generic Rank ◽  
Himalayan Species

Fenzl (1833, 1840) described the taxon Schizotechium as a section of the genus Stellaria Linnaeus (1753: 421) (Caryophyllaceae Juss.) to accommodate the Himalayan Stellaria crispata Wallich ex D.Don (1825: 215) [= Stellaria monosperma Buchanan-Hamilton ex D.Don (1825: 215)]. The section was morphologically characterized in having the calix 5-partite, 10 hypogynous stamens, the ovary 2–3-ovulate, (2–)3 styles, the capsule 1(–2)-seeded, and often without a central collumella. Bentham (1862), unaware of raised generic rank for the section by Reichenbach (1841), also pointed out the distinctness of this group, strongly supporting the generic rank. He concluded: “Schizotechium Fenzl, although only proposed as a section of Stellaria might have perhaps rather more claims than any of the preceding [subgenera/sections of Stellaria included in the said paper (Bentham 1862)] to be adopted as a genus. It consists of two Himalayan species with a scandent habit and diffuse panicles, almost as in Brachystemma D. Don (1825: 216) and only 3 ovules, of which one ripens. The ovary might thus be supposed to be reduced to uniovulate carpels, and to be brought technically nearer to that of Phytolaccaceae R.Br., but there is no central axis, and a slight comparison of actual specimens at once give the idea that it is an exceptional and irregular reduction in the ovules of a closely compound ovary, and not a normal conformity of the ovules with as many distinct or well-marked carpels. The leaves arrangement, inflorescence, and flowers are in all other respects those of Stellaria in which genus we continue to retain Schizotechium as a section.” Notably, members of Schizotechium differ from the other belonging to Stellaria by the following characters: sub-scandent habit, occurrence of tuberous or fusiform fleshy roots, large, diffuse, many-flowered panicle of compound cymes, central collumella of capsule extremely reduced or nearly absent and capsule with 1(–2) fertile enlarged seed and rest sterile, undeveloped ovules (Bentham 1862, Edgeworth & Hooker 1872).

Control and Regulatory Mechanisms Associated with Thermogenesis in Flying Insects and Birds

2005 ◽  
Vol 25 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 149-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise Loli ◽  
José Eduardo P. W. Bicudo
Keyword(s):  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
The Other ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
General Design ◽  
Flying Insects ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Animal Flight

Most insects and birds are able to fly. The chitin made exoskeleton of insects poses them several constraints, and this is one the reasons they are in general small sized animals. On the other hand, because birds possess an endoskeleton made of bones they may grow much larger when compared to insects. The two taxa are quite different with regards to their general “design” platform, in particular with respect to their respiratory and circulatory systems. However, because they fly, they may share in common several traits, namely those associated with the control and regulatory mechanisms governing thermogenesis. High core temperatures are essential for animal flight irrespective of the taxa they belong to. Birds and insects have thus evolved mechanisms which allowed them to control and regulate high rates of heat fluxes. This article discusses possible convergent thermogenic control and regulatory mechanisms associated with flight in insects and birds.

Novel Insect Trap Useful in Capturing Sap Beetles (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) and Other Flying Insects

1992 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 772-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick F. Dowd ◽  
Robert J. Bartelt ◽  
Donald T. Wicklow
Keyword(s):  
Insect Trap ◽  
Flying Insects ◽  
Sap Beetles

scholarly journals On gap junction structure.

1980 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 190-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Zampighi ◽  
J M Corless ◽  
J D Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Gap Junctions ◽  
Gap Junction ◽  
Rat Liver ◽  
Extracellular Space ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Negative Staining ◽  
The Other ◽  
Central Axis ◽  
Thin Sectioning ◽  
Junction Structure

We have studied the stain distribution within rat liver gap junctions for specimens prepared by thin sectioning and negative staining. Pools of stain molecules exist in two specific locations with respect to the distinctive morphological units (connexons) of the junction. One pool of stain surrounds the connexons and is restricted to the extracellular space in the gap between the adjacent plasma membranes. The other pool of stain is located along in the central axis of each connexon, measures 1-2 nm in diameter and 4-5 nm in length, and is restricted to the gap region. On rare occasions, barely discernible linear densities seem to extend from this latter pool of stain and traverse the entire width of the junction. The data indicate the existence of a hydrophilic cavity along the central axis of te connexon which, in most instances, is restricted to the gap region. However, the precise depth to which this cavity may further extend along the connexon axis is still uncertain.

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