scholarly journals Phylogenetic analyses using molecular markers reveal ecological lineages in Medetera (Diptera: Dolichopodidae)

2011 ◽  
Vol 143 (6) ◽  
pp. 662-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Pollet ◽  
Christoph Germann ◽  
Marco Valerio Bernasconi
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Global Distribution ◽  
Sister Group Relationship ◽  
Mitochondrial Coi ◽  
Terrestrial Habitats

AbstractMedetera Fischer von Waldheim is the most speciose genus in the Medeterinae, with a nearly ubiquitous global distribution. Phylogenetic relationships within Medetera and between Medetera and four other medeterine genera were investigated using mitochondrial (COI, 16S) and nuclear (18S) markers to test morphological hypotheses. Our results confirm most of Bickel's hypotheses. Thrypticus Gerstäcker shows a sister-group relationship with Medetera + Dolichophorus Lichtwardt. The Medetera species included here split into two clades. One clade corresponds to the M. diadema L. – veles Loew species group sensu Bickel. The second clade is largely composed of the M. apicalis (Zetterstedt) species group sensu Bickel and the M. aberrans Wheeler species group sensu Bickel + Dolichophorus. Although most Medeterinae are associated with plants (mainly trees), species in at least two separate lineages demonstrate a secondary return to terrestrial habitats. The implication of this evolutionary phenomenon is briefly discussed.

Molecular phylogenetics of the Muscidae (Diptera:Calyptratae): new ideas in a congruence context

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guilherme Schnell e Schuehli ◽  
Claudio José Barros de Carvalho ◽  
Brian M. Wiegmann
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Phylogenetics ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Sister Group Relationship ◽  
Mitochondrial Coi ◽  
Monophyletic Lineage ◽  
Gene Partition ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Data Partitions ◽  
Single Set

Hypotheses about the evolution of Muscidae have long been the subject of continuous re-evaluation and reinterpretation. Current understandings of the relationships among these flies are based mainly on a single set of characters and are therefore questionable. Our understanding of muscid phylogeny thus needs greater support and further corroboration from additional suites of characters. In the current study, we analysed phylogenetic relationships among 24 species of muscid flies (18 genera and six subfamilies) using 2989 characters derived from sequences of mitochondrial (COI and COII) and nuclear genes (CAD and EF-1α). Data from each gene partition were analysed both in combined and separate phylogenetic analyses using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference. Support was found for the monophyly of the Muscidae in all analyses and for a sister-group relationship between Coenosiini and Phaoniinae. The latter group was placed in a clade with sampled species of Reinwardtiini and Cyrtoneurininae. The genera Ophyra and Hydrotaea were placed in the Muscinae and a sister-group relationship for Musca and Stomoxys was supported. Sampled species of Polietina form a monophyletic lineage, while Morellia was found to be paraphyletic. Combined analysis of gene partitions improved support and resolution for resulting topologies despite significant incongruence between data partitions found through application of the Incongruence Length Difference test.

Phylogenetic-Relationships Among Australian Tree Frogs (Anura, Hylidae, Pelodryadinae) - an Immunological Approach

1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
MN Hutchinson ◽  
LR Maxson
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Sister Group Relationship ◽  
Litoria Aurea ◽  
Data Support ◽  
Major Species ◽  
Outgroup Taxon ◽  
Tree Frogs ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypotheses

Phylogenetic relationships among hylid frogs of the Australian region were studied by micro-complement fixation comparisons of serum albumin. Although our data support current species-group arrangements, we do not find good agreement between our phylogenetic hypotheses and those derived from morphological and karyological studies. Immunological analyses provide data which allow the construction of a phylogeny for the Australian radiation of the speciose genus Litoria, and suggest dividing the species of Litoria examined into five major species-assemblages, each of which is probably monophyletic. The sister- group relationship between the Litoria aurea group and Cyclorana is confirmed, and the diphyletic origin of the terrestrial hylids is supported. The radiation of Australian hylids is monophyletic with respect to the outgroup taxon (Hyla) used in this study, and the origin of diversification within the genus correlates well with estimates of the final separation of Australia from Antarctica-South America. Preliminary data suggest that the endemic New Guinean taxa (Nyctimystes and the montane Litoria) are closely related to the Australian 'freycineti' assemblage within Litoria. Albumin from Litoria infrafrenata cross-reacted poorly with all available Australian antisera, suggesting that this species may have originated independently of the rest of the Australian hylids. Our data support the classification of Australian tree frogs as hylids, rather than as leptodactyloid offshoots.

Immature stages of Euchirinae (Coleoptera:Scarabaeoidea): genera Cheirotonus and Propomacrus with comments on their phylogeny based on larval and adult characters

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr Šípek ◽  
Petr Janšta ◽  
David Král
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Optimality Criteria ◽  
Sister Group Relationship ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Valuable Source ◽  
Source Of Information

We report the discovery of the larvae of Propomacrus bimucronatus (Pallas, 1781) in their natural habitat; providing notes on their biology based on field observations and laboratory-bred specimens. We give a detailed description of Cheirotonus formosanus Ohaus, 1913 and P. cypriacus Alexis & Markis, 2002 larvae as well as a redescription of the immature stages of P. bimucronatus and present the first diagnosis of larval Euchirinae. Based on 105 morphological and ecological characters of adults and larvae in 24 taxa of Scarabaeoidea, we discuss the phylogenetic relationships of Euchirinae within the group. Our results corroborate Euchirinae monophyly, supported by two larval synapomorphic characters; however, no adult autapomorphic characters were detected. The results of 15 separate phylogenetic analyses (differing in the set of terminalia, characters and in the optimality criteria) indicate a possible sister group relationship between Euchirinae and a clade comprising Melolonthinae + Rutelinae + Dynastinae, with Cetoniinae being a sister group to the whole clade. Larval characters represent a valuable source of information for the systematics of Scarabaeoidea; however, special effort should be paid to improve the still unsatisfactory sampling of immature data.

scholarly journals Discovery of a new family of amphibians from northeast India with ancient links to Africa

2012 ◽  
Vol 279 (1737) ◽  
pp. 2396-2401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachunliu G. Kamei ◽  
Diego San Mauro ◽  
David J. Gower ◽  
Ines Van Bocxlaer ◽  
Emma Sherratt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Northeast India ◽  
Sister Group Relationship ◽  
New Family ◽  
Ancient Lineage ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Threatened Habitats

The limbless, primarily soil-dwelling and tropical caecilian amphibians (Gymnophiona) comprise the least known order of tetrapods. On the basis of unprecedented extensive fieldwork, we report the discovery of a previously overlooked, ancient lineage and radiation of caecilians from threatened habitats in the underexplored states of northeast India. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of mitogenomic and nuclear DNA sequences, and comparative cranial anatomy indicate an unexpected sister-group relationship with the exclusively African family Herpelidae. Relaxed molecular clock analyses indicate that these lineages diverged in the Early Cretaceous, about 140 Ma. The discovery adds a major branch to the amphibian tree of life and sheds light on both the evolution and biogeography of caecilians and the biotic history of northeast India—an area generally interpreted as a gateway between biodiversity hotspots rather than a distinct biogeographic unit with its own ancient endemics. Because of its distinctive morphology, inferred age and phylogenetic relationships, we recognize the newly discovered caecilian radiation as a new family of modern amphibians.

The phylogenetic relationships of Paramesotriton (Caudata: Salamandridae) based on partial mitochondrial DNA gene sequences

Zootaxa ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3150 (1) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
XIAOMING GU ◽  
HUI WANG ◽  
RONGRONG CHEN ◽  
YINGZHOU TIAN ◽  
SONG LI
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Bayesian Inference ◽  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
16S Rdna ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Maximum Parsimony ◽  
Mitochondrial Gene ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Close Phylogenetic Relationship

We examined phylogenetic relationships among newst of the genus Paramesotriton using partial mitochondrial gene se-quences, including the ND2-tRNATyr region (1415 bp) and the 12S rDNA-tRNAVal -16S rDNA region (1774 bp), from 42individuals of 10 recognized Paramesotriton species and outgroups by Bayesian inference (BI), Maximum likelihood(ML) and Maximum Parsimony (MP) methods. We found that, (1) Laotriton laoensis is the sister group of Paramesotri-ton, (2) the genus Paramesotriton is monophyletic, composed of either the P. caudopunctatus species group and the P.chinensis species group, or the subgenera Allomesotriton and Paramesotriton (3) P. longliensis and P. zhijinensis shouldbe placed in the P. caudopunctatus species group or subgenus Allomesotriton; (4) P. fuzhongensis is not a junior synonym of P. chinensis, and there is a close phylogenetic relationship between P. fuzhongensis and P. guangxiensis.

Monophyly of Verbascum (Scrophularieae : Scrophulariaceae): evidence from nuclear and plastid phylogenetic analyses

2014 ◽  
Vol 62 (8) ◽  
pp. 638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farrokh Ghahremaninejad ◽  
Mehrshid Riahi ◽  
Melina Babaei ◽  
Faride Attar ◽  
Lütfi Behçet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Nrdna Its ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
High Species Diversity ◽  
Phylogenetic Estimation

Verbascum is one of the main genera of Scrophulariaceae, but delimitation and phylogenetic relationships of this genus are unclear and have not yet been studied using DNA sequences. Here, using four selected molecular markers (nrDNA ITS and the plastid spacers trnS/G, psbA-trnH and trnY/T), we present a phylogeny of Verbascum and test previous infrageneric taxonomic hypotheses as well as its monophyly with respect to Scrophularia. We additionally discuss morphological variation and the utility of morphological characters as predictors of phylogenetic relationships. Our results show that while molecular data unambiguously support the circumscription of Verbascum inferred from morphology, they prove to be of limited utility in resolving infrageneric relationships, suggesting that Verbascum ‘s high species diversity is due to rapid and recent radiation. Our work provides phylogenetic estimation of the genus Verbascum using molecular data and can serve as a starting point for future investigations of Verbascum and relatives.

A new species of Protopsychoda Azar et al., 1999 from the Lower Cretaceous Lebanese amber (Diptera: Psychodidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 352-356
Author(s):  
DANY AZAR ◽  
SIBELLE MAKSOUD
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Lower Cretaceous ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Sister Group Relationship ◽  
Separate Family ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
A New Species

Psychodidae Newman, 1834 is a large family of small, hairy nematoceran dipterans, comprising more than 2,600 described extant species. It is currently subdivided into seven subfamilies: Bruchomyiinae Alexander, 1920, Horaiellinae Enderlein, 1936, Phlebotominae Rondani, 1840, Psychodinae Newman, 1834, Sycoracinae Jung, 1954, Trichomyiinae Tonnoir, 1922, and the fossil subfamily Protopsychodinae Stebner et al., 2015. Some authors consider the group to consist of two families, i.e., Psychodidae and Phlebotomidae (Williams, 1993; Azar et al., 1999). This fact is founded only on the hematophagous and medically important aspects of the phlebotomines, nevertheless this arrangement is unfounded, because the phylogenetic relationships between the psychodid subfamilies remain unresolved, even if there is a possible sister-group relationship between the Phlebotominae and Psychodinae (Curler & Moulton, 2012). We consider recognizing phlebotomines as a separate family would necessitate also giving separate familial status to all the currently recognized subfamilies, which is not adopted here.

A Phylogenetic Analysis and Taxonomic Revision of Bartonia (Gentianaceae: Gentianeae), Based on Molecular and Morphological Evidence

2009 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 162-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine G. Mathews ◽  
Niall Dunne ◽  
Emily York ◽  
Lena Struwe
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Species Boundaries ◽  
Morphological Evidence ◽  
Phylogenetic Study ◽  
Sister Group Relationship ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
Test Species

A phylogenetic study and taxonomic revision of the four currently accepted species of Bartonia (Gentianaceae, subtribe Swertiinae) were conducted in order to test species boundaries and interspecific relationships. Species boundaries were examined based on measurements of key quantitative and qualitative morphological characters as given in the original descriptions. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using molecular data from the nuclear internal transcribed spacer region and chloroplast DNA (trnL intron through the trnL-F spacer), separately and combined using parsimony and Bayesian methodologies, incorporating outgroups from subtribes Swertiinae and Gentianinae. The morphological study revealed that characters of one species, B. texana, represent a subset of the morphological variation found within B. paniculata, but that B. paniculata, B. verna, and B. virginica could all be separated from one another. The molecular phylogenetic analyses all found B. texana to nest in a clade with the two recognized subspecies of B. paniculata (subsp. paniculata and subsp. iodandra), making the latter paraphyletic. Bartonia texana is here reduced to subspecific rank, as Bartonia paniculata subsp. texana. Also, the phylogenetic analyses showed strong support for a sister group relationship between B. verna and B. virginica, as opposed to between B. paniculata and B. virginica as has been previously suggested.

Cuticular morphology of larval mountain midges (Diptera: Deuterophlebiidae): implications for the phylogenetic relationships of Nematocera

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 556-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory W. Courtney
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Head Capsule ◽  
External Morphology ◽  
Sister Group Relationship ◽  
Larval Morphology ◽  
Food Acquisition ◽  
Cuticular Structure

The cuticular structure of larval mountain midges (Diptera: Deuterophlebiidae) is described, with emphasis on cranial and mouthpart morphology. Homologies are suggested for musculature and external features of the head capsule. External morphology of the thorax and abdomen is described, and a system for deuterophlebiid larval chaetotaxy is presented. Also included is a discussion of the feeding behaviour of deuterophlebiid and blepharicerid larvae, and how differing morphological characteristics influence mechanisms of food acquisition. Larval morphology of the Deuterophlebiidae and other Nematocera provides support for (i) a sister-group relationship between the Deuterophlebiidae and Blephariceridae; (ii) a monophyletic Blephariceromorpha (sensu Wood and Borkent) composed of the Nymphomyiidae + (Deuterophlebiidae + Blephariceridae); and (iii) a sister-group relationship between the Blephariceromorpha and Psychodomorpha (sensu Wood and Borkent).

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