A Gondwanan record of the extinct genus Cretobibio (Diptera: Bibionidae)

The Bibionidae or march flies are a dipteran family with a worldwide distribution, presently including over 750 species in the extant faunas (Hesperininae sometimes treated as a separate family) (Pape et al., 2009). Emergence of adults is markedly seasonal, and adults are often observed visiting flowers, apparently feeding on nectar, pollen, and honeydew (Fitzgerald, 2009). Larvae are mainly phyto-saprophagous, found on superficial soil layers, decaying organic matter, leaf litter, dung, and rotten wood (Krivosheina & Mamaev, 1967; Pinto & Amorim, 2000; Fitzgerald, 2009). Larvae of Bibionidae usually occur in dense aggregations in suitable habitats and adults emerge synchronously in huge numbers and often form dense mating aggregations (Skartveit, 2017).

Unnoticed Coup D’état

The article is devoted to the history of the emergence and development of the political crisis of the Interregnum. The central question of the article is examination of the reason why Nikolai, having received news of the death of Alexander, decided to swear allegiance to Konstantin. An analysis of historiography demonstrates that the most diametrical interpretations of this event are presented in the literature: Nikolai acted under pressure from M. A. Miloradovich and/or Maria Fedorovna, together with the Governor-General and/or Empress Mother. An important aspect of the work is the study of the normative component of the problem of succession. It is shown that by November 1825 a contradictory situation had developed: by law the heir was Konstantin, by family agreement — Nikolai. The article justifiably proves that the Manifesto of Alexander I on the transfer of the throne of Nicholas was a model of separate family law and was never supposed to be published. On the basis of a wide range of sources, the article reconstructs the course of meetings on November 25, describes the features of taking the oath on November 27, and reveals the development of the dynastic crisis arising from them. It is demonstrated that Nicholas had a complex plan to seize power, which implied unification with representatives of the generals and the highest bureaucracy, an oath in favor of Konstantin in violation of the established tradition, pressure on his older brother and, ultimately, the proclamation of emperor. The article presents the question of rumors spread in St. Petersburg society related to the secession of Poland and the hypothetical murder of Constantine.

A new mesopanorpodid scorpionfly (Insecta: Mecoptera) from the Mesozoic of Jilin Province, northeastern China

Mesopanorpodidae Tillyard, 1918 is a small extinct family of Mecoptera described from France, Russia, China, Australia, and South Africa ranging from the Late Permian to the Late Triassic. The systematic placement of Mesopanorpodidae is debated; some suggested it as a separate family (Riek, 1953, 1976; Carpenter, 1992; Ren et al., 1995; Van Dijk & Geertsema, 1999; Hong et al., 2002; Hong & Guo, 2003; Sun et al., 2007), whereas others considered it a member of Permochoristidae Tillyard, 1918 (Martynova, 1962; Novokshonov, 2001; Novokshonov et al., 2004; Bashkuev, 2011). As all mesopanorpodids distinctly differ from Permochoristidae by their constant four-branched Rs and M in both forewing and hind wing, here we regard it as a valid family. Herein, we describe the first species of Prochoristella Riek, 1953 (Mesopanorpodidae) from the Xiaofengmidingzi Formation of Jilin Province, northeastern China.

A new species of Protopsychoda Azar et al., 1999 from the Lower Cretaceous Lebanese amber (Diptera: Psychodidae)

Psychodidae Newman, 1834 is a large family of small, hairy nematoceran dipterans, comprising more than 2,600 described extant species. It is currently subdivided into seven subfamilies: Bruchomyiinae Alexander, 1920, Horaiellinae Enderlein, 1936, Phlebotominae Rondani, 1840, Psychodinae Newman, 1834, Sycoracinae Jung, 1954, Trichomyiinae Tonnoir, 1922, and the fossil subfamily Protopsychodinae Stebner et al., 2015. Some authors consider the group to consist of two families, i.e., Psychodidae and Phlebotomidae (Williams, 1993; Azar et al., 1999). This fact is founded only on the hematophagous and medically important aspects of the phlebotomines, nevertheless this arrangement is unfounded, because the phylogenetic relationships between the psychodid subfamilies remain unresolved, even if there is a possible sister-group relationship between the Phlebotominae and Psychodinae (Curler & Moulton, 2012). We consider recognizing phlebotomines as a separate family would necessitate also giving separate familial status to all the currently recognized subfamilies, which is not adopted here.

Towards Uniformity of Rights

The chapter locates the PWDVA in the context of India’s multiple, religion-specific personal laws. It underlies three factors that allow PWDVA to establish common standards governing family life, despite un-common or separate family laws. First, the religion-neutral framing of the PWDVA and the judges’ understanding of domestic violence as a universal phenomenon cutting across religion. Second, though the DV Act concerns violence, it is designed essentially to protect the economic interests of women, which enables the Act to enter the domain of family law. And third, judges’ understanding that women face the same economic difficulties when their marriages break down, irrespective of religion. Focusing on the issue of maintenance, the chapter demonstrates, that the PWDVA because of the above three factors, allows judges to focus on their sameness rather than difference, and create common standards on maintenance irrespective of religion of the parties.

LEGISLASI HUKUM KELUARGA DI ACEH PASCA OTONOMI KHUSUS

After special autonomy through the mandate of Law Number 18 Year 2001 concerning special autonomy which was later renewed with Law Number 11 of 2006 concerning Aceh Government, there are big opportunities for the people of Aceh to legalize a separate family law aside from applicable national law as contained in the Act. Number 1 of 1974 concerning marriage and KHI. The desire of the Acehnese to make their own law can be seen from the fatwas which is made by Scholars of Aceh. In fact, toward the 17 years of special autonomy, family law legislation has not been carried out yet, it is very different from the jinayat and muamalah law which has been legislated in the form of the Aceh Qanun. This paper described scientifically the opportunity for legislation in a legal perspective, and the dynamics that require the legalization and strategies so that the family law qanun can be effective as a material law regarding marriage in Aceh. Keywords: Legislation, Family Law, and Special Autonomy Abstrak: Pasca otonomi khusus melalui amanat UU Nomor 18 Tahun 2001 tentang Otonomi Khusus yang kemudian di perbaharui dengan UU Nomor 11 Tahun 2006 tentang Pemerintahan Aceh, terbuka peluang yang lebar bagi masyarakat Aceh untuk melakukan legislasi hukum keluarga tersendiri selain hukum yang berlaku secara nasional sebagaimana terdapat pada UU Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang perkawinan dan KHI. Keinginan masyarakat Aceh untuk membuat hukum sendiri terlihat dari fatwa-fatwa yang dikeluarkan pada Ulama Aceh. Hanya saja, menjelang 17 tahun Otonomi khusus, legislasi hukum keluarga belum juga dilakukan, sangat berbeda dengan hukum jinayat dan hukum muamalah yang telak dilakukan legislasi dalam bentuk qanun Aceh. Tulisan ini akan menggambarkan secara ilmiah mengenai peluang legislasi tersebut perspektif hukum, juga menggambarkan dinamika yang menghendaki dilakukannya legisasi serta strategi yang harus dilakukan agar qanun hukum keluarga tersebut dapat berlaku efektif sebagai hukum materil mengenai perkawinan di Aceh. Kata Kunci: Legislasi, Hukum Keluarga, dan Otonomi Khusus

Introduction

What defines family law? Is it an area of law with clean boundaries and unified distinguishing characteristics, or an untidy grouping of disparate rules and doctrines? What values or principles should guide it—and how could it be improved? Indeed, even the scope of family law is contested. Whilst some law schools and textbooks separate family law from children’s law, this is invariably effected without asking what might be gained or lost from treating them together or separately. Should family law and children’s law be distinguished or treated together?...

The Outermost Solar System

This chapter illustrates how, until the mid-20th century, little was known about the true nature of asteroids and comets. Asteroids looked like single points of light through a telescope, and astronomers tended to think of them as miniature planets, albeit ones with somewhat more elliptical and inclined orbits. Comets seemed to constitute a separate family, distinct from asteroids. They grew much brighter as they approached the Sun, becoming enormously extended objects with a diffuse coma and one or more tails that could extend for millions of kilometers. The most puzzling aspect of comets was how they had managed to survive for the age of the solar system. Comets had such low masses that they could not be measured, yet they shed large amounts of material each time they passed close to the Sun to form their coma and tails.

Pairing Animal Cartoon Characters With Produce Stimulates Selection Among Child Zoo Visitors

In order to address the pervasive trend of underconsumption of fruits and vegetables among children, we examined the hypothesis that children would be more likely to select fruits (apple slices, bananas, and oranges) and vegetables (baby carrots) when paired with animal cartoon image than when available without the character image. Tested in a randomized experiment using counterbalancing, products were arranged on two tables at two separate family fun nights held at a local zoo. Animal character produce parings were manipulated by placing one of two animals (tamarin or iguana) next to two of the four fruit or vegetable selections at each table, and by changing when available without the image. In total, 755 produce selections were made. Significantly more products paired with a character were selected (62.38%) than the same products, not paired (37.62%), χ2 = 46.32, df = 1, p < .001. The odds ratio of the treatment versus control was 1.66 (i.e., 471/284), indicating that children were 66% more likely to select a snack when paired with an animal cartoon. Study findings highlight the positive impact of animal cartoons on children’s fruit and vegetable snack selections, and results suggest the potential for using animal cartoons to encourage fruit and vegetable selection for children.