Finite State Coaxial Rotor Inflow Model Enhancements Using VVPM-Extracted Influence Coefficients

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Yong-Boon Kong ◽  
J.V.R. Prasad ◽  
Chengjian He
Keyword(s):  
Particle Method ◽  
Viscous Effects ◽  
Pressure Potential ◽  
Thrust Coefficient ◽  
Vortex Particle Method ◽  
Coaxial Rotor ◽  
Influence Coefficients ◽  
Finite State ◽  
Flow Phenomena ◽  
Real Flow

An analytical coaxial rotor inflow model has been developed in the literature by combining pressure fields of individual rotors. In such a pressure potential superposition inflow model (PPSIM), real flow phenomena such as viscous effects, flow swirls, and wake distortions are neglected. To capture real flow effects, inflow distribution predictions from the viscous vortex particle method (VVPM) are used to correct PPSIM influence coefficients (L-matrix). It is found that cosine–sine coupling is significant during hover and low advance ratios, especially on the lower rotor. Most correction terms are found to be insensitive to the thrust coefficient ratio between the upper and lower rotors. For ease of implementation, the curve-fitted correlation of each L-matrix correction element and wake skew function is found. Inflow states computed from PPSIM with curve-fitted L-matrix corrections are close to VVPM results, with an average difference of 6%.

Finite State Inflow Flow Model for Coaxial Rotor Configuration

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Yong-Boon Kong ◽  
J.V.R Prasad ◽  
Lakshmi N. Sankar ◽  
Chengjian He
Keyword(s):  
Particle Method ◽  
Mutual Interference ◽  
Influence Coefficient ◽  
High Fidelity ◽  
Pressure Potential ◽  
Vortex Particle Method ◽  
Coaxial Rotor ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Finite State ◽  
Wake Distortion

An analytical coaxial rotor inflow model has been developed from potential flow theory using the pressure potential superposition approach. The coaxial rotor pressure potential superposition inflow model (PPSIM) is formulated in statespace form with structure similar to the Peters–He model, except that additional off-diagonal blocks are included in the apparent mass (M-matrix) and influence coefficient matrices (L-matrix). These off-diagonal blocks take into account mutual interference effects present in a coaxial rotor system by relating the rotor's inflows due to other rotor's pressure loadings. Induced inflow distributions on both upper and lower rotors are computed using PPSIM for comparison against predictions from high-fidelity models such as GT-Hybrid and the viscous vortex particle method (VVPM). Good agreement between PPSIM-induced inflow results and GT-hybrid as well as VVPM data has been shown for hover flight condition. At low advance ratio, there are differences in fore-to-aft inflow states between PPSIM and the high-fidelity models. This is because PPSIM assumed rigid, skewed cylindrical wake geometries for both upper and lower rotors during forward flight. But in GT-Hybrid and VVPM, wake structures are allowed to move freely in space and are mainly affected by rotor-induced velocities at low advance ratios. Owing to the close proximity between upper and lower rotors, mutual interference-induced velocities significantly distorted the rotors' wake geometries. The rigid rotor wake geometry assumptions in PPSIM and the distortion captured in higher fidelity models are the reasons behind differences in rotor-induced inflows. At higher advance ratios, wake distortion effects are less prominent since free-stream inflows are significantly larger than rotorinduced velocities. Hence, smaller differences between PPSIM inflow states and those extracted from GT-Hybrid as well as VVPM are observed at high advance ratios.

Fidelity Enhancement of a Multirotor Dynamic Inflow Model via System Identification

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feyyaz Guner ◽  
J. V. R. Prasad ◽  
Chengjian He ◽  
David A. Peters
Keyword(s):  
Particle Model ◽  
Pressure Potential ◽  
Coaxial Rotor ◽  
Systematic Methodology ◽  
Finite State ◽  
Flow Effects ◽  
Real Flow ◽  
Wake Distortion ◽  
Analytic Models ◽  
Correction Terms

Multirotor analytical dynamic inflow models in the literature, such as pressure potential superposition inflow model or velocity potential superposition inflow model (VPSIM), have been shown to capture the fundamental inflow interference effects between the rotors. Some of the differences in inflow predictions seen between these analytic models and high-fidelity wake models are attributed to missing real flow effects such as wake distortion, contraction, decay, swirl, etc. As such, correction terms are needed in the analytically derived multirotor finite-state inflow models, because of the potential flow and rigid wake assumptions they are based on, in order to capture some of the missing real flow effects in them. This paper develops a systematic methodology for arriving at the needed correction terms in the VPSIM through comparisons of its inflow predictions with those of a viscous vortex particle model (VVPM). Also, a procedure is developed to assess the relative importance of individual real flow effects and the associated corrections needed for improving the overall fidelity of the VPSIM. The developed methodology is applied to the Harrington coaxial rotor using its geometric and aerodynamic data from the literature. It is shown that the addition of swirl coupling correction terms to the VPSIM significantly improves its correlations with the VVPM. Further, it is shown that the required corrections are reasonably insensitive to thrust sharing ratio conditions between the rotors.

scholarly journals Unsteady loads for coaxial rotors in forward flight computed using a vortex particle method

2018 ◽  
Vol 122 (1251) ◽  
pp. 693-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Tan ◽  
Y. Sun ◽  
G. N. Barakos
Keyword(s):  
Flow Model ◽  
Particle Method ◽  
Reversed Flow ◽  
Aerodynamic Loads ◽  
Unsteady Aerodynamic ◽  
Vortex Particle Method ◽  
Coaxial Rotor ◽  
Aerodynamic Interaction ◽  
Coaxial Rotors ◽  
Vortex Particle

ABSTRACTRecent advances in coaxial rotor design have shown benefits of this configuration. Nevertheless, issues related to rotor-head drag, aerodynamic performance, wake interference, and vibration should also be considered. Simulating the unsteady aerodynamic loads for a coaxial rotor, including the aerodynamic interactions between rotors and rotor blades, is an essential part of analysing their vibration characteristics. In this article, an unsteady aerodynamic analysis based on a vortex particle method is presented. In this method, a reversed-flow model for the retreating side of the coaxial rotor is proposed based on an unsteady panel technique. To account for reversed flow, shedding a vortex from the leading edge is used rather than from the trailing edge. Moreover, vortex-blade aerodynamic interactions are accounted for. The model considers the unsteady pressure term induced on a blade by tip vortices of other blades, and thus accounts for the aerodynamic interaction between the rotors and its contribution to the unsteady airloads. Coupling the reversed-flow model and the vortex-blade aerodynamic interaction model with the viscous vortex-particle method is used to simulate the complex wake of the coaxial rotor. The unsteady aerodynamic loads on the X2 coaxial rotor are simulated in forward flight, and compared with the results of PRASADUM (Parallelized Rotorcraft Analysis for Simulation And Design, developed at the University of Maryland) and CFD/CSD computations with the OVERFLOW and the CREATE-AV Helios tools. The results of the present method agree with the results of the CFD/CSD method, and compare to it better than the PRASADUM solutions. Furthermore, the influence of the aerodynamic interaction between the coaxial rotors on the unsteady airloads, frequency, wake structure, induced flow, and force distributions are analysed. Additionally, the results are also compared against computations for a single-rotor case, simulated at similar conditions as the coaxial rotor. It is shown that the effect of tip vortex interaction plays a significant role in unsteady airloads of coaxial rotors at low speeds, while the rotor blade passing effect is obviously strengthened at high-speed.

Dynamic Stall Modeling Using Viscous Vortex Particle Method for Coaxial Rotors

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Puneet Singh ◽  
Peretz P. Friedmann
Keyword(s):  
Flow Separation ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Particle Method ◽  
Dynamic Stall ◽  
Main Rotor ◽  
Vortex Particle Method ◽  
Coaxial Rotor ◽  
Wake Interaction ◽  
Coaxial Rotors ◽  
Vortex Particle

Dynamic stall is an important source of vibrations on a rotor at high advance ratios. The periodic flow separation and reattachment during dynamic stall generates large unsteady loads. In this study, the flow separation is modeled as the shedding of concentrated vorticity from the leading edge of the airfoil. The viscous vortex particle method is used to calculate the evolution of the rotor wake. Blade loads are calculated using a reduced order model obtained from computational fluid dynamics, and dynamic stall loads are calculated using the ONERA dynamic stall model. Results are presented for single main rotor and coaxial rotors at advance ratios of μ = 0.3–0.4. The separated wake modifies the angle of attack distribution on the rotor and hence impacts the hub loads. The results indicate that the separated wake modifies the vibratory hub loads by 5–10% for a single main rotor at μ = 0.3. The vibratory hub loads for the coaxial rotor are modified by 10–20% at μ = 0.4 with the inclusion of the separated wake. The upper and lower rotor tip path planes are tilted such that the blade and wake interaction is greater on the retreating side of the upper rotor and decreased on the advancing side.

On the Influence of Inflow Model Selection for Time-Domain Tiltrotor Aeroelastic Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ethan Corle ◽  
Matthew Floros ◽  
Sven Schmitz
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Particle Method ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Solution Stability ◽  
Step Size ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Time Step Size ◽  
Vortex Particle Method ◽  
Whirl Flutter ◽  
Vortex Particle

The methods of using the viscous vortex particle method, dynamic inflow, and uniform inflow to conduct whirl-flutter stability analysis are evaluated on a four-bladed, soft-inplane tiltrotor model using the Rotorcraft Comprehensive Analysis System. For the first time, coupled transient simulations between comprehensive analysis and a vortex particle method inflow model are used to predict whirl-flutter stability. Resolution studies are performed for both spatial and temporal resolution in the transient solution. Stability in transient analysis is noted to be influenced by both. As the particle resolution is refined, a reduction in simulation time-step size must also be performed. An azimuthal time step size of 0.3 deg is used to consider a range of particle resolutions to understand the influence on whirl-flutter stability predictions. Comparisons are made between uniform inflow, dynamic inflow, and the vortex particle method with respect to prediction capabilities when compared to wing beam-bending frequency and damping experimental data. Challenges in assessing the most accurate inflow model are noted due to uncertainty in experimental data; however, a consistent trend of increasing damping with additional levels of fidelity in the inflow model is observed. Excellent correlation is observed between the dynamic inflow predictions and the vortex particle method predictions in which the wing is not part of the inflow model, indicating that the dynamic inflow model is adequate for capturing damping due to the induced velocity on the rotor disk. Additional damping is noted in the full vortex particle method model, with the wing included, which is attributed to either an interactional aerodynamic effect between the rotor and the wing or a more accurate representation of the unsteady loading on the wing due to induced velocities.

Development of a hybrid compressible vortex particle method and application to external problems including helicopter flows

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Γεώργιος Παπαδάκης
Keyword(s):  
Particle Method ◽  
Vortex Particle Method ◽  
Vortex Particle

Σκοπός της διδακτορικής διατριβής ήταν η ανάπτυξη μιας νέας υβριδικής μεθο-δολογίας CFD για την επίλυση εξωτερικών αεροδυναμικών ροών. Η ιδέα πίσω απότην εργασία ήταν η ανάγκη για προσομοιώσεις σύνθετων προβλημάτων στα οποία κυ-ριαρχούν ισχυρές δομές στροβιλότητας και που υπάρχουν σώματα τα οποία κινούνταιανεξάρτητα μεταξύ τους. Για το λόγο αυτό αναπτύχθηκαν δύο υπολογιστικά εργαλείατα οποία συνενώθηκαν σε ένα υβριδικό επιλυτή. Πιο συγκεκριμένα:Ο Eulerian CFD επιλυτής (MaPFlow): Αναπτύχθηκε ένας συμπιεστός URANS επι-λυτής που λύνει πάνω σε μή δομημένα πλέγματα. Ο συγκεκριμένος επιλυτής είναιεφοδιασμένος με προσταθεροποιητή για χαμηλούς αριθμούς Mach για την προσομοί-ωση ασυμπίεστων ροών. Η μοντελοποίηση της τύρβης γίνεται είτε με το μοντέλομίας εξίσωσης του Spalart-Almaras είτε με το μοντέλο δύο εξισώσεων k-! SST τουMenter. Ακόμη, ο επιλυτής μπορεί να χειριστεί κινούμενα ή παραμορφώσιμα πλέγματαενώ έχει παραλληλοποιηθεί με τη χρήση του πρωτοκόλλου MPI.O Lagrangian επιλυτής: Διατυπώθηκε και αναπτύχθηκε ένας συμπιεστός Lagrangianεπιλυτής που χρησιμοποιεί στοιχεία στροβιλότητας. Η συγκεκριμένη διατύπωση χρη-σιμοποιεί στοιχεία ρευστού που μεταφέρουν μάζα, μεταβολή του όγκου, στροβι-λότητα, ενέργεια και όγκο για να μπορεί να διαχειριστεί συμπιεστές ροές. Για ναμειωθεί το υπολογιστικό κόστος του επιλυτή χρησιμοποιήθηκε η μέθοδος ParticleMesh (PM) η οποία παραλληλοποιήθηκε χρησιμοποιώντας τον αλγόριθμο του James-Lackner.Σύυζευξη των δύο επιλυτών σε ένα υπολογιστικό εργαλειό (HoPFlow): Υλοποιήθηκεισχυρή σύζευξη των Eulerian και Lagrangian επιλυτών σε μία υβριδική μεθοδολογία.Η σύζευξη έγινε με τέτοιο τρόπο ώστε να διασφαλίζει συνέχεια και συνέπεια τηςλύσης ανάμεσα στους δύο επιλυτές.Τα αποτελέσματα που παρουσιάζονται στην παρούσα εργασία έχουν σκοπό τηνπιστοποίηση των εργαλείων που υλοποιήθηκαν. Αρχικά, παρουσιάζονται αποτελέ-σματα που αφορούν την πιστοποίηση του Εulerian URANS επιλυτή. Η πιστοποίησηπεριλαμβάνει συγκρίσεις με πειραματικά αλλά και υπολογιστικά δεδομένα σε διάφο-ρες διδιάστατες και τριδιάστατες ροές. Στη συνέχεια, ακολουθεί η πιστοποίηση τουυβριδικού επιλυτή όπου γίνεται σύγκριση με τα αντίστοιχα Eulerian αποτελέσματααλλά και με πειραματικά δεδομένα.Οι περιπτώσεις πιστοποίησης που εξετάστηκαν περιλαμβάνουν διδιάστατες ροέςγύρω από σταθερές και κινούμενες αεροτομές σε πληθώρα αριθμών Reynolds καιMach. Οι τρισδιάστατες περιπτώσεις που παρουσιάζονται αφορούν ροές γύρω απόσταθερά και περιστρεφόμενα πτερύγια (Δρομείς Ανεμογεννητριών και Ελικοπτέρου).Η χρήση των υπολογιστικών εργαλείων σε πληθώρα περιπτώσεων έδειξαν ότι καιο Εulerian CFD επιλυτής (MaPFlow) όπως και ο υβριδικός επιλυτής (HoPFlow)παράγουν ικανοποιητικά αποτελέσματα. Συγκεκριμένα, ο υβριδικός επιλυτής έχει λι-γότερη διάχυση από τον Eulerian και για αυτό στις περιπτώσεις όπου κυριαρχούνισχυροί στρόβιλοι (όπως ο δρομέας ελικοπτέρου σε αιώρηση) τα αποτελέσματα πουπαράγονται είναι καλύτερα. Θα πρέπει να τονιστεί ότι οι περισσότερες περιπτώσειςπου εξετάστηκαν, είναι απλούστερες από αυτές για τις οποίες αναπτύχθηκε η υβρι-δική μέθοδος. Παρόλα αυτά, η επιλογή τους έγινε με σκοπό την πιστοποίηση τηςκαινούργιας μεθόδου που προηγείται της χρήσης της σε πιο σύνθετες ροές.

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