Effects of Hover Symbology Display Scaling on Performance and Workload

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian Erazo ◽  
Sion Jennings ◽  
Kris Ellis ◽  
Jason Etele
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Pilot Performance ◽  
Control Activity ◽  
Cyclic Control ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
Performance Results ◽  
System Characteristics ◽  
High Range

Rotorcraft symbology can provide pilots with the flight information necessary to replace the visual cues lost when operating in degraded visual environments. However, tuning symbology for effective use is a time-consuming process as it generally requires considerable in-flight testing and extensive trial and error. In this work, two experiments are conducted to assess how changes in the display scaling of a position–velocity–acceleration architectured symbology set affects pilot performance and workload. In the first experiment, participants attempt a modified single-axis precision hover using a simulated helicopter and nonconformal symbology set while display parameters relating to acceleration, velocity, and position cue scaling are varied. Performance is measured using the root mean square of the position error relative to a target location, and participant workload is assessed using their cyclic control activity and Bedford ratings. In the second experiment, an analytical pilot-in-the-loop simulation is conducted to validate the performance results obtained in the first experiment and to investigate the underlying system characteristics that contribute the observed trends. For the implemented symbology and Bell UH-1H model, the results from both experiments concur that a combination of low-to-mid range acceleration cue scaling and mid-to-high range position cue scaling enable strong performance without inflating workload. Results indicate an insensitivity to velocity vector scaling, likely due to the symbology architecture and nature of the control task. The results of these experiments establish a predictable relationship between display scaling and pilot response, which can aid in streamlining the tuning process for similarly-styled symbology, helicopter and task envelope combinations.

scholarly journals Striatal and Pallidal Activation during Reward Modulated Movement Using a Translational Paradigm

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 399-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Bischoff-Grethe ◽  
Richard B. Buxton ◽  
Martin P. Paulus ◽  
Adam S. Fleisher ◽  
Tony T. Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Dorsal Striatum ◽  
Imaging Study ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Internal Globus Pallidus ◽  
Target Capture

AbstractHuman neuroimaging studies of reward processing typically involve tasks that engage decision-making processes in the dorsal striatum or focus upon the ventral striatum’s response to feedback expectancy. These studies are often compared to the animal literature; however, some animal studies include both feedback and nonfeedback events that activate the dorsal striatum during feedback expectancy. Differences in task parameters, movement complexity, and motoric effort to attain rewards may partly explain ventral and dorsal striatal response differences across species. We, therefore, used a target capture task during functional neuroimaging that was inspired by a study of single cell modulation in the internal globus pallidus during reward-cued, rotational arm movements in nonhuman primates. In this functional magnetic resonance imaging study, participants used a fiberoptic joystick to make a rotational response to an instruction stimulus that indicated both a target location for a capture movement and whether or not the trial would end with feedback indicating either a small financial gain or a neutral outcome. Portions of the dorsal striatum and pallidum demonstrated greater neural activation to visual cues predicting potential gains relative to cues with no associated outcome. Furthermore, both striatal and pallidal regions displayed a greater response to financial gains relative to neutral outcomes. This reward-dependent modulation of dorsal striatal and pallidal activation in a target-capture task is consistent with findings from reward studies in animals, supporting the use of motorically complex tasks as translational paradigms to investigate the neural substrates of reward expectancy and outcome in humans. (JINS, 2015, 21, 399–411)

scholarly journals EXPRESS: Mutual influences between numerical and non-numerical quantities in comparison tasks

2020 ◽  
pp. 174702182098187
Author(s):  
Charlotte Hendryckx ◽  
Mathieu Guillaume ◽  
Anthony Beuel ◽  
Amandine Van Rinsveld ◽  
Alain Content
Keyword(s):  
Convex Hull ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Numerical Comparison ◽  
Specific Nature ◽  
Visual Integration ◽  
Adult Participants ◽  
Number Comparison ◽  
Quantity Judgment ◽  
Performance Results

Humans possess a numerical intuition that allows them to manipulate large non-symbolic quantities. This ability has been broadly assessed with the help of number comparison tasks involving simultaneously displayed arrays. Many authors pointed out that the manipulation (or the lack thereof) of non-numerical features deeply impacts performance in these tasks, but the specific nature of this influence is not clear. The current study investigates the interaction between numerical and non-numerical quantity judgment tasks. Adult participants performed five distinct comparison tasks, each based on a target dimension: numerosity, total area, dot size, convex hull, and mean occupancy. We manipulated the relation between the target and the other dimensions to measure their respective influence on task performance. Results showed that total area and convex hull substantially affected numerosity comparisons. The number of dots conversely acted as an informative dimension when participants had to make a decision based on the total area or the convex hull. Our results illustrate that adults flexibly use non-target dimensions as visual cues to perform comparison judgments. Overall, this suggests that the influence found in numerical comparison tasks is explicit and deliberate rather than due to implicit visual integration processes.

Differential Involvement of Neurons in the Dorsal and Ventral Premotor Cortex During Processing of Visual Signals for Action Planning

2006 ◽  
Vol 95 (6) ◽  
pp. 3596-3616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eiji Hoshi ◽  
Jun Tanji
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Action Planning ◽  
Visual Signals ◽  
Visual Cue ◽  
Ventral Premotor Cortex ◽  
Neuron Response

We examined neuronal activity in the dorsal and ventral premotor cortex (PMd and PMv, respectively) to explore the role of each motor area in processing visual signals for action planning. We recorded neuronal activity while monkeys performed a behavioral task during which two visual instruction cues were given successively with an intervening delay. One cue instructed the location of the target to be reached, and the other indicated which arm was to be used. We found that the properties of neuronal activity in the PMd and PMv differed in many respects. After the first cue was given, PMv neuron response mostly reflected the spatial position of the visual cue. In contrast, PMd neuron response also reflected what the visual cue instructed, such as which arm to be used or which target to be reached. After the second cue was given, PMv neurons initially responded to the cue's visuospatial features and later reflected what the two visual cues instructed, progressively increasing information about the target location. In contrast, the activity of the majority of PMd neurons responded to the second cue with activity reflecting a combination of information supplied by the first and second cues. Such activity, already reflecting a forthcoming action, appeared with short latencies (<400 ms) and persisted throughout the delay period. In addition, both the PMv and PMd showed bilateral representation on visuospatial information and motor-target or effector information. These results further elucidate the functional specialization of the PMd and PMv during the processing of visual information for action planning.

Evaluating control activity as a measure of workload in flight test

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-67
Author(s):  
S. Jennings ◽  
G. Craig ◽  
Stephan Carignan ◽  
Kris Ellis ◽  
D. Thorndycraft Qinetiq
Keyword(s):  
Flight Test ◽  
Measurement Tool ◽  
Control Activity ◽  
Handling Qualities ◽  
Subjective Workload ◽  
Workload Measurement ◽  
Dynamic Interface ◽  
Interface Modeling ◽  
Short Test ◽  
Cyclic Control

This paper describes an investigation of a workload measurement technique based on pilot control movements. The Dynamic Interface Modeling and Simulation System Product Metric (DIMSS PM) assumes that pilot control activity can be used to evaluate pilot workload. Three qualified test pilots flew the fly-bywire NRC Bell 205 helicopter in a short test program that compared the DIMSS PM with subjective workload ratings and handling qualities ratings. The pilots performed a variation of an ADS-33E bob-up with varying levels of simulated turbulence and modified cyclic control characteristics. Good agreement was found for most in-flight test conditions between DIMSS Workload Metric scores and subjective workload ratings from the Bedford Workload Scale and Cooper-Harper handling qualities ratings. While, the DIMSS Workload Metric did not accurately reflect workload increases due to variations in the cyclic stick characteristics, the metric shows promise as an objective measurement tool of pilot workload in well-defined tests.

Monkey hippocampal neurons related to spatial and nonspatial functions

1993 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 1516-1529 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Ono ◽  
K. Nakamura ◽  
H. Nishijo ◽  
S. Eifuku
Keyword(s):  
Hippocampal Neurons ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Hippocampal Formation ◽  
Human Movement ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Preferred Direction ◽  
Directional Stimulus ◽  
Task Parameters ◽  
And Task

1. Neural activity in the monkey hippocampal formation (HF) was analyzed during a spatial moving task in which the monkey was guided by auditory and visual cues and when stimuli were presented from various directions. The monkey could control a motorized, movable device (cab) and its route to a target location by pressing the proper one of five available bars in an appropriate sequence (spatial moving task). In any of several locations in the field, neural responses were evident in relation to the presentation of various objects or human movement in some relative direction (left, anterior, right) as a directional stimulus test. 2. Of 238 hippocampal neurons analyzed, 172 (72.3%, 238-66) responded in either the spatial moving task, or to the direction from which stimulation was presented, or to the location of the monkey in the field, or to some combination of these. 3. The activity of 79 (33.2%) neurons was higher when the monkey was in some specific location in the field during the spatial moving task, regardless of the approach route or other task parameters (place related neurons). 4. Responses to the task cues in the spatial moving task were evident in 110 (46.3%) neurons (task related neurons). Of these, 77 (32.4%) neurons were not place related. The remaining 33 (13.9%) neurons were both task related and place related. These neurons responded to task cues in only that part of the field in which place related responses occurred. The neural response to the task cues disappeared when the monkey moved out of the place response region. The place related and task related neural responses disappeared when the room light was switched off. Thus information from the environment outside of the cab contributed to the place related and task related responses. 5. Stimuli presented from certain specific directions induced responses, selectively, in 41 (17.2%) of the neurons (direction related neurons). The dependence of the preferred direction was described in one of three ways--egocentric, allocentric, or place-direction specific. Nineteen egocentric neurons responded to a stimulus only when it was presented from a certain direction relative to the orientation of the monkey, regardless of the location of the monkey. Eleven allocentric neurons responded to a stimulus only when it was presented at a particular position in the room, regardless of the location or orientation of the monkey.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

An Experience-Judgement Approach to Tactical Flight Training

1981 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 657-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert P. Meyer ◽  
Jack I. Laveson ◽  
Design Plus
Keyword(s):  
Task Analysis ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Flight Training ◽  
Pilot Performance ◽  
Learning Plan ◽  
Internal Pilot ◽  
Instructional Procedures ◽  
Environmental Background

Due to the critical role which vision plays in tactical operations, the experience-judgement approach emphasized visual cues and referents. A theory of internal pilot performance provided the framework for this approach. Visual referent details were carefully defined in their relationship with complex performance. An expanded surface task analysis which stressed cues and cognitive activity started the process of categorizing flying tasks into behavioral components. Visual cues and their referents were further analyzed to develop environmental background scenes for each task through an intermediate word to picture conversion. Behavioral components were structured into instructional procedures from which behavioral goals were specified. The resulting goals and background scenes were integrated to form a phased learning plan that included event requirements, instructional techniques, and instructional features. These procedures are also applicable to other advanced training situations which have complex visual perception, decision making, and motor output requirements.

scholarly journals Insect behavioral evidence of spatial memories during environmental reconfiguration

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diogo Santos-Pata ◽  
Alex Escuredo ◽  
Zenon Mathews ◽  
Paul F.M.J. Verschure
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Representation ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Mixed Reality ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Insect Behavior ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Spatial Memories ◽  
Behavioral Evidence ◽  
Novel Target

ABSTRACTInsects are great explorers, able to navigate through long-distance trajectories and successfully find their way back. Their navigational routes cross dynamic environments suggesting adaptation to novel configurations. Arthropods and vertebrates share neural organizational principles and it has been shown that rodents modulate their neural spatial representation accordingly with environmental changes. However, it is unclear whether insects reflexively adapt to environmental changes or retain memory traces of previously explored situations. We sought to disambiguate between insect behavior at environmental novel situations and reconfiguration conditions. An immersive mixed-reality multi-sensory setup was built to replicate multi-sensory cues. We have designed an experimental setup where female crickets Gryllus Bimaculatus were trained to move towards paired auditory and visual cues during primarily phonotactic driven behavior. We hypothesized that insects were capable of identifying sensory modifications in known environments. Our results show that, regardless of the animals history, novel situation conditions did not compromise the animals performance and navigational directionality towards a novel target location. However, in trials where visual and auditory stimuli were spatially decoupled, the animals heading variability towards a previously known location significantly increased. Our findings showed that crickets are able to behaviorally manifest environmental reconfiguration, suggesting the encoding for spatial representation.

An Effective Use of CFD Analyses and Model Testing With a Computerized Data Acquisition System

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason H. Batchelder ◽  
M. Khosrowjerdi ◽  
Walter M. Presz
Keyword(s):  
Data Acquisition ◽  
Flow Model ◽  
Data Acquisition System ◽  
Model Testing ◽  
Acquisition System ◽  
Cfd Analysis ◽  
Aircraft Performance ◽  
Cfd Analyses ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
Performance Results

Mixer/ejector exhaust systems provide a unique means to reduce the jet noise associated with older aircraft while providing little or no impact on aircraft performance. This paper presents the results of using CFD analyses and ejector model testing to minimize installation losses associated with such mixer/ejector noise suppressors. Ejector performance data is obtained using dual flow model tests combined with a computerized data acquisition system. The resulting data is used to generate ejector performance results to calibrate an existing CFD analysis for ejector application. The calibrated CFD analysis is used to both analyze and modify existing pylon contouring to significantly reduce cruise losses associated with the ALMEC noise suppressor installation on the Gulfstream GIIB aircraft.

scholarly journals Optimal strategies for throwing accurately

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 170136 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Venkadesan ◽  
L. Mahadevan
Keyword(s):  
Target Location ◽  
Iterative Scheme ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Optimal Strategies ◽  
Optimal Performance ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Parabolic Trajectory ◽  
Dart Throwing ◽  
Speed Accuracy

The accuracy of throwing in games and sports is governed by how errors in planning and initial conditions are propagated by the dynamics of the projectile. In the simplest setting, the projectile path is typically described by a deterministic parabolic trajectory which has the potential to amplify noisy launch conditions. By analysing how parabolic trajectories propagate errors, we show how to devise optimal strategies for a throwing task demanding accuracy. Our calculations explain observed speed–accuracy trade-offs, preferred throwing style of overarm versus underarm, and strategies for games such as dart throwing, despite having left out most biological complexities. As our criteria for optimal performance depend on the target location, shape and the level of uncertainty in planning, they also naturally suggest an iterative scheme to learn throwing strategies by trial and error.

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