scholarly journals One Fish, Two Fish, Red Fish, Blue Fish: Geography, Ecology, Sympatry, and Male Coloration in the Lake Malawi Cichlid Genus Labeotropheus (Perciformes: Cichlidae)

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Pauers
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Lake Malawi ◽  
Color Pattern ◽  
Color Patterns ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Haplochromine Cichlid ◽  
Blue Fish ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Male Coloration

While sexual selection on male coloration has been important in haplochromine cichlid speciation, few studies to date have examined potential environmental influences on color pattern evolution. Data from multiple sources on male nuptial coloration of the Lake Malawi endemic genus Labeotropheus were used to examine the relationship between color patterns and the environments in which these patterns were found. Red- or carotenoid-pigmented males were concentrated in the northwestern portion of Lake Malawi and were also associated with increasing depth. Further, the presence or absence of L. fuelleborni influenced the coloration of L. trewavasae populations; when L. fuelleborni was present, L. trewavasae males were more likely to exhibit some degree of red coloration. While these results support the idea that sexual selection on male coloration is an important factor in the haplochromine speciation, they also underscore the importance of environmental influences on the evolution of color patterns.

The color pattern on a Cretaceous nautiloid from South Dakota

1995 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 785-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Royal H. Mapes ◽  
Timothy S. Evans
Keyword(s):  
South Dakota ◽  
Color Pattern ◽  
Color Patterns ◽  
Late Mesozoic ◽  
Rare Phenomenon ◽  
Banding Analysis ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Preservation of relict color patterns on fossil nautiloid cephalopods is a relatively rare phenomenon. Reports of this phenomenon as summarized by Kobluck and Mapes (1989, table 2) for the Paleozoic indicate that perhaps as many as 32 genera with coiled, orthoconic, and cyrtoconic conchs have been described with relict color patterns. However, reports of Mesozoic occurrences are limited to only Ophionautilus? in the Jurassic (Shimanski, 1962) and Eutrephoceras in the Cretaceous (Shimanski, 1962; Landman, 1982). Cenozoic reports are limited to Aturia in the Tertiary (Foerste, 1930; Shimanski, 1962; Teichert, 1964) and modern Nautilus (see Saunders and Landman, 1987, for an extensive treatment). The reports on both Mesozoic occurrences are limited to description of external conch morphology, detailed appearance of the color patterns, and the relationship of the remnant color pattern to the conch morphology. Indeed, the specimen discussed herein was originally illustrated by Landman (1982, fig. 8), with a caption indicating the presence of possible color banding. Analysis of this Cretaceous specimen allows comparison to Nautilus and provides a suggestion as to the evolution of certain mature color patterns in coiled cephalopods from the late Mesozoic to Recent.

Social Behavior Patterns as Determinants of Reproductive Success in the Guppy, Poecilia Reticulata Peters (Pisces: Poeciliidae) an Experimental Study of the Effects of Intermale Competition, Female Choice, and Sexual Selection

Behaviour ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 74 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 38-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Farr
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Social Behavior ◽  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Female Choice ◽  
Poecilia Reticulata ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Color Patterns ◽  
Courtship Display ◽  
Male Effect ◽  
Male Coloration

AbstractThe reproductive success of competing male guppies, Poecilia reticulata, was measured and compared to various features of social behavior and secondary sexual coloration. The most important determinant of reproductive success was the rate at which a male courted females relative to those of other males. Males with higher display rates have a greater chance of encountering a receptive female and are preferred by females. Males adjust their display rate in such a way as to be just noticeably more active than a competitor, and inbred strains differ in the maximum rate at which males can court females. No other factor is able to offset the disadvantage of displaying at a relatively low rate. Sexual selection has resulted in the maximization of courtship activity in natural populations. If males court females with equal frequencies, those which also inseminate females through gonopodial thrusting without female cooperation have a selective advantage. Because poeciliid females store sperm, inseminations through gonopodial thrusting can reduce the reproductive success of competitor males which copulate only following a display. A mixed strategy of displaying and gonopodial thrusting is more successful than either pure strategy. The result is a mating system which partially ignores female choice mechanisms. Intermale aggresssion was found to be maladaptive. Males which displayed at higher rates than competitors were less successful if they were also more aggressive than the competitors, than when they were non-aggressive or the competitors were more aggressive. Males were not able to reduce a competitor's courtship display rate through aggression. It was hypothesized that the low level of aggression in natural guppy populations is attributable to the fact that variance in size of males is low and fights would be lengthy before a winner could be determined. This would subtract from time available for courtship, and female preference for high-displaying males would select against aggressive phenotypes. There was little evidence that conspicuousness of male coloration influences female choice of males. Dull males with high courtship display rates were significantly more successful than conspicuous males with low display rates. It was concluded that females prefer conspicuous males only if all males exhibit equal courtship display rates. The frequency of male color patterns in a population did affect reproductive success. Males with rare color patterns sired more offspring than expected given their frequency. The mechanism by which a rare male effect was achieved depended on the relative mating success of phenotypes in control populations (all phenotypes occurring with equal frequency). If a normally preferred phenotype was rare, females continued to prefer that phenotype over the common phenotype. If a normally unpreferred phenotype was rare, females mated with that phenotype in addition to the preferred phenotype, and the rare male effect was thus achieved by multiple inseminations. Females also tended to mate with more than one male in polymorphic populations, and it was concluded that certain female choice patterns with frequent multiple inseminations can maintain a polymorphism in addition to a pure rare male effect. It was hypothesized that courtship displays and conspicuous male coloration are sexually selected characters which evolved in response to the occupation of invariable habitats or specialized ecological niches by a sexually monomorphic ancestor with only gonopodial thrusting as a means of inseminating females. A subsequent reinvasion of variable habitats resulted in female choice mechanisms which maximize the level of heterozygosity of their offspring, thus resulting in polymorphic populations. The coloration of male guppies is a phenotypic cue which influences female choice in such a manner that they mate with those males with whom they most probably have the fewest genes in common.

scholarly journals First records of a new color pattern in the Goldblotch Grouper, Epinephelus costae (Steindachner, 1878) (Actinopterygii: Serranidae) and first record of leucism in the European conger, Conger conger (Linnaeus, 1758) (Actinopterygii: Congridae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-123
Author(s):  
Francesco Tiralongo ◽  
Stefanos Kalogirou ◽  
Igor Agostini
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
First Record ◽  
Color Pattern ◽  
Ontogenetic Shift ◽  
Color Patterns ◽  
First Case ◽  
Genetic Abnormalities ◽  
First Time ◽  
Natural And Sexual Selection ◽  
Conger Conger

In many fish, color patterns are striking features and can play an important role in both natural and sexual selection. Furthermore, details of color patterns are in some cases valid tools for species identification. However, fish can also show some genetic abnormalities, such as albinism and leucism. In this research, we report for the first time a new color pattern for Epinephelus costae (Steindachner, 1878), for which it is known an ontogenetic shift in color pattern, and the first case of leucism in Conger conger (Linnaeus, 1758).

Functional significance of preserved color patterns of mollusks from the Gosport Sand (Eocene) of Alabama

1988 ◽  
Vol 62 (01) ◽  
pp. 83-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia H. Kelley ◽  
Charles T. Swann
Keyword(s):  
Functional Morphology ◽  
Functional Significance ◽  
Intraspecific Variability ◽  
Color Pattern ◽  
Color Patterns ◽  
Historical Factors ◽  
Life Mode ◽  
Molluscan Fauna ◽  
Excellent Preservation ◽  
Architectural Constraints

The excellent preservation of the molluscan fauna from the Gosport Sand (Eocene) at Little Stave Creek, Alabama, has made it possible to describe the preserved color patterns of 15 species. In this study the functional significance of these color patterns is tested in the context of the current adaptationist controversy. The pigment of the color pattern is thought to be a result of metabolic waste disposal. Therefore, the presence of the pigment is functional, although the patterns formed by the pigment may or may not have been adaptive. In this investigation the criteria proposed by Seilacher (1972) for testing the functionality of color patterns were applied to the Gosport fauna and the results compared with life mode as interpreted from knowledge of extant relatives and functional morphology. Using Seilacher's criteria of little ontogenetic and intraspecific variability, the color patterns appear to have been functional. However, the functional morphology studies indicate an infaunal life mode which would preclude functional color patterns. Particular color patterns are instead interpreted to be the result of historical factors, such as multiple adaptive peaks or random fixation of alleles, or of architectural constraints including possibly pleiotropy or allometry. The low variability of color patterns, which was noted within species and genera, suggests that color patterns may also serve a useful taxonomic purpose.

scholarly journals The relationship between sexual selection and speciation

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria R. Servedio
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Twin Study of the Relationship between Childhood Negative Emotionality and Hyperactivity/Inattention Problems

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-13
Author(s):  
Yoon-Mi Hur ◽  
Hoe-Uk Jeong
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Model Fitting ◽  
Negative Emotionality ◽  
Phenotypic Correlation ◽  
Environmental Correlation ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Telephone Interviews ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe present study aimed to determine the genetic and environmental etiology of the association between childhood negative emotionality (NE) and hyperactivity/inattention problems (HIP) using South Korean elementary school twins (mean age = 10.19 years, SD = 1.79 years). Telephone interviews were given to mothers of 919 twins (229 monozygotic males: 112 pairs and 5 individuals; 148 dizygotic males: 73 pairs and 2 individuals; 180 monozygotic females: 87 pairs and 6 individuals; 103 dizygotic females: 50 pairs and 3 individuals; 259 opposite-sex dizygotic twins: 127 pairs and 5 individuals) to assess their children’s NE and HIP. Consistent with prior studies, the phenotypic correlation between NE and the HIP was moderate (r = .29; 95% CI = .24, .34). Model-fitting analysis revealed that additive genetic and nonshared environmental influences on NE were .45 (95% CI [.34, .54]) and .55 (95% CI [.46, .66]), respectively, and that additive and nonadditive genetic, and nonshared environmental influences on HIP were .08 (95% CI [.03, .26]), .41 (95% CI [.21, .51]) and .51 (95% CI = .42, .61), respectively. In addition, the additive genetic correlation between NE and HIP was 1.0 (95% CI [.52, 1.00]), indicating that additive genetic factors are entirely shared between the two phenotypes. Nonadditive genetic influences were unique to HIP and not responsible for the NE-HIP association. Nonshared environmental correlation was significant but modest (re = .18, 95% CI [.06, .30]).

Service quality and global competitiveness: evidence from global service firms

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 1058-1080 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenbin Sun ◽  
Jing Pang
Keyword(s):  
Service Quality ◽  
Service Industry ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Service Firms ◽  
Moderating Effects ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Global Competitiveness ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between service quality and firms’ global competitiveness in the service industry. A set of moderating effects is formulated to further reveal how the relationship varies under different situations. Design/methodology/approach This paper tests the model with data collected from multiple sources such as World’s Most Admired Companies and COMPUSTAT. Two types of robust regressions for panel data are employed in the empirical model estimation. Findings Service quality is found to significantly drive global competitiveness. Specifically, its impact is stronger for large service firms and when the global environment is characterized as low munificence, high dynamism, or high complexity. Practical implications The paper provides a set of implications for managers of service firms regarding global expansion and quality management. It generates useful guidelines of maximizing the power of service quality when a firm’s global competitive advantage is considered. Originality/value This paper takes the first attempt to formulate service quality’s influence on firm’s global competitiveness with a consideration of specific situational factors.

scholarly journals Butterfly Mimicry Polymorphisms Highlight Phylogenetic Limits of Gene Reuse in the Evolution of Diverse Adaptations

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (12) ◽  
pp. 2842-2853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas W VanKuren ◽  
Darli Massardo ◽  
Sumitha Nallu ◽  
Marcus R Kronforst
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationship ◽  
Gene Networks ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Color Pattern ◽  
Butterfly Wing ◽  
Color Patterns ◽  
Developmental Gene ◽  
Genome Region ◽  
Correlated Factors ◽  
Unique Genes

Abstract Some genes have repeatedly been found to control diverse adaptations in a wide variety of organisms. Such gene reuse reveals not only the diversity of phenotypes these unique genes control but also the composition of developmental gene networks and the genetic routes available to and taken by organisms during adaptation. However, the causes of gene reuse remain unclear. A small number of large-effect Mendelian loci control a huge diversity of mimetic butterfly wing color patterns, but reasons for their reuse are difficult to identify because the genetic basis of mimicry has primarily been studied in two systems with correlated factors: female-limited Batesian mimicry in Papilio swallowtails (Papilionidae) and non-sex-limited Müllerian mimicry in Heliconius longwings (Nymphalidae). Here, we break the correlation between phylogenetic relationship and sex-limited mimicry by identifying loci controlling female-limited mimicry polymorphism Hypolimnas misippus (Nymphalidae) and non-sex-limited mimicry polymorphism in Papilio clytia (Papilionidae). The Papilio clytia polymorphism is controlled by the genome region containing the gene cortex, the classic P supergene in Heliconius numata, and loci controlling color pattern variation across Lepidoptera. In contrast, female-limited mimicry polymorphism in Hypolimnas misippus is associated with a locus not previously implicated in color patterning. Thus, although many species repeatedly converged on cortex and its neighboring genes over 120 My of evolution of diverse color patterns, female-limited mimicry polymorphisms each evolved using a different gene. Our results support conclusions that gene reuse occurs mainly within ∼10 My and highlight the puzzling diversity of genes controlling seemingly complex female-limited mimicry polymorphisms.

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