Anti-Influenza Activity of Betulinic Acid from Zizyphus jujuba on Influenza A/PR/8 Virus

Influenza activity in Europe during the winter 2005-2006 started late January - early February 2006 and first occurred in the Netherlands, France, Greece and England. Subsequently, countries were affected in a random pattern across Europe and the period of influenza activity lasted till the end of April. In contrast to the winter seasons in the period 2001-2005, no west-east pattern was detected. In 12 out of 23 countries, the consultation rates for influenza-like illness or acute respiratory infection in the winter 2005-2006 were similar or higher than in the winter 2004-2005, despite a dominance of influenza B viruses that normally cause milder disease than influenza A viruses. In the remaining 11 countries the consultation rates were lower to much lower than in the winter 2004-2005. The highest consultation rates were usually observed among children aged 0-14. The circulating influenza virus types and subtypes were distributed heterogeneously across Europe. Although the figures for total virus detections in Europe indicated a predominance of influenza B virus (58% of all virus detections), in many countries influenza B virus was predominant only early in the winter, whilst later there was a marked increase in influenza A virus detections. Among the countries where influenza A viruses were co-dominant with B viruses (9/29) or were predominant (4/29), the dominant influenza A subtype was H3 in seven countries and H1 in four countries. The vast majority of characterised influenza B viruses (90%) were similar to the B/Victoria/2/87 lineage of influenza B viruses that re-emerged in Europe in the winter 2004-2005 but were not included in the vaccine for the influenza season 2005-2006. This might help to explain the dominance of influenza B viruses in many countries in Europe during the winter 2005-2006. The influenza A(H3) and A(H1) viruses were similar to the reference strains included in the 2005-2006 vaccine, A/California/7/2004 (H3N2) and A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1), respectively. In conclusion, the 2005-2006 influenza epidemic in Europe was characterised by moderate clinical activity, a heterogeneous spread pattern across Europe, and a variable virus dominance by country, although an overall dominance of influenza B viruses that did not match the virus strain included in the vaccine was observed.

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Virological analysis of fatal influenza cases in the United Kingdom during the early wave of influenza in winter 2010/11

Eurosurveillance ◽

10.2807/ese.16.01.19760-en ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Author(s):

J Ellis ◽

M Galiano ◽

R Pebody ◽

A Lackenby ◽

CI Thompson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United Kingdom ◽

Vaccine Strain ◽

Influenza A ◽

Influenza Season ◽

Severe Illness ◽

Influenza B ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

Influenza A H1n1 ◽

Influenza Activity ◽

Children And Young Adults

The 2010/11 winter influenza season is underway in the United Kingdom, with co-circulation of influenza A(H1N1)2009 (antigenically similar to the current 2010/11 vaccine strain), influenza B (mainly B/Victoria/2/87 lineage, similar to the 2010/11 vaccine strain) and a few sporadic influenza A(H3N2) viruses. Clinical influenza activity has been increasing. Severe illness, resulting in hospitalisation and deaths, has occurred in children and young adults and has predominantly been associated with influenza A(H1N1)2009, but also influenza B viruses.

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Multigram Scale Synthesis and Anti-Influenza Activity of 3-Indoleacetonitrile Glucosides

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x20953289 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (10) ◽

pp. 1934578X2095328

Author(s):

Jianghong Dong ◽

Fengmei Yan ◽

Shuang Li ◽

Zewen Li ◽

Yuanhang Qin

Keyword(s):

Influenza A Virus ◽

Influenza A ◽

Phase Transfer ◽

Madin Darby Canine Kidney ◽

Influenza Activity ◽

The Mannich Reaction ◽

Key Steps ◽

Glycosylation Reaction ◽

Darby Canine Kidney

Indole-3-acetonitrile-6- O-β-d-glucopyranoside 1 is a simple alkaloid with anti-influenza A virus activity extracted from Radix isatidis. Herein, a concise and practical total synthetic route of 1 was presented, starting from 6-benzyloxyindole on a multigram scale. The pivotal reaction sequence involved the Mannich reaction, the fluoride ion-induced elimination-addition reaction, and phase-transfer-catalyzed glycosylation reaction as key steps. In addition, compounds 1 and two modified derivatives 8 and 16 were tested for anti-influenza efficacy and cytotoxicity in vitro performed on Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. The results revealed that the compounds exerted antiviral activity against the influenza A virus to a certain extent and displayed no cytotoxicity. These findings could contribute to the development of traditional Chinese medicine R. isatidis for treating the influenza virus.

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Demographic Determinants of Influenza Vaccination and Infection, Brazos County, Texas, 2017

Infectious Diseases Research and Treatment ◽

10.1177/1178633719863815 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

pp. 117863371986381

Author(s):

Yao Akpalu ◽

Ibraheem Karaye ◽

Julie Anderson ◽

Osaro Mgbere ◽

Jennifer A Horney

Keyword(s):

Vaccination Coverage ◽

Influenza A ◽

Healthcare Providers ◽

Health Department ◽

Public Health Burden ◽

Vaccination Rates ◽

Influenza A H1n1 ◽

Influenza Activity ◽

Use Of Social Media ◽

Health Education Materials

Background: Seasonal influenza constitutes an enormous public health burden. The 2017-2018 influenza season was the most severe since the 2009 novel Influenza A (H1N1) pandemic. The State of Texas, like other states, experienced unusually high and persistent influenza activity. Methods: Data on confirmed cases of influenza and influenza-like illness (ILI) in Brazos County during December 2017 were collected by the Brazos County Health Department (BCHD) from medical records. Records of vaccine administered between January 1 and December 31, 2017 were collected from vaccination providers. The total number of influenza cases for 2017 was compiled from regular weekly influenza counts reported to BCHD by healthcare providers. Results: A total of 1651 cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza were reported in Brazos County residents in December 2017, 10 times more than that reported in December 2016. The highest rates of infection were in 2 ZIP codes where vaccination rates were also high. A total of 16 027 influenza vaccinations were given to individuals reporting a residential address in Brazos County in 2017. Vaccination coverage was lowest among adults aged 18 to 49, whereas those aged 65 or older and Hispanics were most likely to be hospitalized. Discussion: Overall, vaccination coverage in Brazos County, Texas is low, less than half of the Healthy People 2020 target. The development of health education materials and an increased use of social media, local television and radio, and communication methods that can reach parents, younger adults, and Hispanic residents are needed.

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High-Throughput Screening of a 100,000-Compound Library for Inhibitors of Influenza A Virus (H3N2)

CrossRef Listing of Deleted DOIs ◽

10.1177/1087057108323123 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 13 (9) ◽

pp. 879-887 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

William E. Severson ◽

Michael McDowell ◽

Subramaniam Ananthan ◽

Dong-Hoon Chung ◽

Lynn Rasmussen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Throughput ◽

High Throughput Screening ◽

Influenza A ◽

Moderate Activity ◽

Compound Library ◽

Highly Active ◽

Virus Life Cycle ◽

Influenza Activity ◽

Compound Concentration ◽

Viral Cytopathic Effect

Using a highly reproducible and robust cell-based high-throughput screening (HTS) assay, the authors screened a 100,000-compound library at 14- and 114-µM compound concentration against influenza strain A/Udorn/72 (H3N2). The “hit” rates (>50% inhibition of the viral cytopathic effect) from the 14- and 114-µM screens were 0.022% and 0.38%, respectively. The hits were evaluated for their antiviral activity, cell toxicity, and selectivity in dose-response experiments. The screen at the lower concentration yielded 3 compounds, which displayed moderate activity (SI50 = 10-49). Intriguingly, the screen at the higher concentration revealed several additional hits. Two of these hits were highly active with an SI50 > 50. Time of addition experiments revealed 1 compound that inhibited early and 4 other compounds that inhibited late in the virus life cycle, suggesting they affect entry and replication, respectively. The active compounds represent several different classes of molecules such as carboxanilides, 1-benzoyl-3-arylthioureas, sulfonamides, and benzothiazinones, which have not been previously identified as having antiviral/anti-influenza activity. ( Journal of Biomolecular Screening 2008:879-887)

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Novel Polyanions Inhibiting Replication of Influenza Viruses

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.02183-15 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 60 (4) ◽

pp. 1955-1966 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Justyna Ciejka ◽

Aleksandra Milewska ◽

Magdalena Wytrwal ◽

Jacek Wojarski ◽

Anna Golda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza A ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Virus Assembly ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Airway Epithelial ◽

B Virus ◽

Influenza Activity ◽

Epithelial Cultures ◽

Poorly Soluble

ABSTRACTNovel sulfonated derivatives of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (NSPAHs) and N-sulfonated chitosan (NSCH) have been synthesized, and their activity against influenza A and B viruses has been studied and compared with that of a series of carrageenans, marine polysaccharides of well-documented anti-influenza activity. NSPAHs were found to be nontoxic and very soluble in water, in contrast to gel-forming and thus generally poorly soluble carrageenans.In vitroandex vivostudies using susceptible cells (Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cells and fully differentiated human airway epithelial cultures) demonstrated the antiviral effectiveness of NSPAHs. The activity of NSPAHs was proportional to the molecular mass of the chain and the degree of substitution of amino groups with sulfonate groups. Mechanistic studies showed that the NSPAHs and carrageenans inhibit influenza A and B virus assembly in the cell.

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Cellular Metabolism and Anti-Influenza Activity of 1,3,4-Thiadiazol-2-Ylcyanamide (LY217896)

Antiviral Chemistry and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1177/095632029300400503 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 4 (5) ◽

pp. 271-280 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

J. M. Colacino ◽

G. M. Birch ◽

J. C. Tang

Keyword(s):

Vaccinia Virus ◽

Influenza A ◽

Mdck Cells ◽

Infection Model ◽

Mouse Infection Model ◽

Ann Arbor ◽

Influenza Activity ◽

Fold Excess ◽

Resistant Cells

LY217896 (1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylcyanamide) is a 2-substituted thiadiazole that is an effective inhibitor of influenza A and B viruses in vitro and in the mouse infection model. The in vitro anti-influenza activity of LY217896 is reversed by a 10-fold excess amount of guanine or guanosine. LY217896 (1 or 10μg ml−1) effected a selective 60% decrease in the levels of intracellular pools of GTP in MDCK cells. The extent of cytotoxicity of LY217896 is positively correlated with the amount of LY217896 metabolite formed intracellularly. A cell line, derived from parental MDCK cells, was selected for resistance to 50 ng of LY217896 per ml. Unlike parental MDCK cells, the resistant cells were able to undergo log phase replication in LY217896 (25 g ml−1) and were unable to metabolize the compound. Furthermore, LY217896 had no antiviral activity against influenza A/Ann Arbor (IC50 >200μg ml−1) or vaccinia virus (IC50 = 13 μg ml−1) in resistant cells. In contrast, LY217896 inhibited influenza A/Ann Arbor (IC50 = 0.5 μg ml−1) or vaccinia virus (IC50 = 0.13 μg ml−1) in the parental MDCK cells. A thiadiazole, with a guanidinyl group in the 2 position, and ribavirin were active in both the parental cells and resistant cells. Nicotinamide (up to 240-fold excess) did not reverse the anti-influenza activity of LY217896 in vitro or in the mouse infection model. A 10-fold excess of nicotinamide reversed the cytotoxicity of 2-aminothiadiazole but not that of LY217896.

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Epidemiology of seasonal influenza in Bangkok between 2009 and 2012

The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries ◽

10.3855/jidc.2929 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 7 (10) ◽

pp. 734-740 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Slinporn Prachayangprecha ◽

Jarika Makkoch ◽

Kamol Suwannakarn ◽

Preeyaporn Vichaiwattana ◽

Sumeth Korkong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rainy Season ◽

Influenza A ◽

Seasonal Influenza ◽

Seasonal Pattern ◽

Laboratory Data ◽

Influenza Virus Infection ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Influenza B ◽

Rainy Period ◽

Influenza Activity

Introduction: This study investigated influenza activity in Bangkok, Thailand between June 2009 and July 2012. Methodology: Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to detect influenza viruses among patients with influenza-like illnesses. Results: Of the 6417 patients tested, influenza virus infection was detected in 42% (n = 2697) of the specimens. Influenza A pH1N1 viruses comprised the predominant strain between 2009 and 2010, and seasonal influenza (H3) had a high prevalence in 2011. Laboratory data showed a prevalence and seasonal pattern of influenza viruses. In 2009, influenza activity peaked in July, the rainy season. In 2010, influenza activity happened in two phases, with the initial one at the beginning of the year and another peak between June and August 2010, which again corresponded to the rainy period. Influenza activity was low for several consecutive weeks at the beginning of 2011, and high H3N2 activity was recorded during the rainy season between July and September 2011. However, from the beginning of 2012 through July 2012, pH1N1, influenza H3N2, and influenza B viruses continuously circulated at a very low level. Conclusion: The seasonal pattern of influenza activity in Thailand tended to peak during rainy season between July and September.

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Spotlight influenza: The 2019/20 influenza season and the impact of COVID-19 on influenza surveillance in the WHO European Region

Eurosurveillance ◽

10.2807/1560-7917.es.2021.26.40.2100077 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (40) ◽

Author(s):

Cornelia Adlhoch ◽

Miriam Sneiderman ◽

Oksana Martinuka ◽

Angeliki Melidou ◽

Nick Bundle ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza A ◽

Influenza Season ◽

Healthcare Access ◽

World Health ◽

European Region ◽

Influenza Surveillance ◽

Influenza B ◽

Rapid Reduction ◽

Influenza Activity ◽

The Impact

Background Annual seasonal influenza activity in the northern hemisphere causes a high burden of disease during the winter months, peaking in the first weeks of the year. Aim We describe the 2019/20 influenza season and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sentinel surveillance in the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region. Methods We analysed weekly epidemiological and virological influenza data from sentinel primary care and hospital sources reported by countries, territories and areas (hereafter countries) in the European Region. Results We observed co-circulation of influenza B/Victoria-lineage, A(H1)pdm09 and A(H3) viruses during the 2019/20 season, with different dominance patterns observed across the Region. A higher proportion of patients with influenza A virus infection than type B were observed. The influenza activity started in week 47/2019, and influenza positivity rate was ≥ 50% for 2 weeks (05–06/2020) rather than 5–8 weeks in the previous five seasons. In many countries a rapid reduction in sentinel reports and the highest influenza activity was observed in weeks 09–13/2020. Reporting was reduced from week 14/2020 across the Region coincident with the onset of widespread circulation of SARS-CoV-2. Conclusions Overall, influenza type A viruses dominated; however, there were varying patterns across the Region, with dominance of B/Victoria-lineage viruses in a few countries. The COVID-19 pandemic contributed to an earlier end of the influenza season and reduced influenza virus circulation probably owing to restricted healthcare access and public health measures.

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Monitoring influenza activity in Europe with Google Flu Trends: comparison with the findings of sentinel physician networks – results for 2009-10

Eurosurveillance ◽

10.2807/ese.15.29.19621-en ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 15 (29) ◽

Cited By ~ 65

Author(s):

A Valdivia ◽

J López-Alcalde ◽

M Vicente ◽

M Pichiule ◽

M Ruiz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Syndromic Surveillance ◽

Influenza A ◽

The United States ◽

H1n1 Pandemic ◽

Influenza A H1n1 ◽

Influenza Activity ◽

Health Related ◽

Physician Networks ◽

Internet Searches ◽

Sentinel Networks

The number of Internet searches has recently been used by Google to estimate the influenza incidence in the United States. We examined the correlation between the Google Flu Trends tool and sentinel networks estimates in several European countries during the 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic and found a good correlation between estimates and peak incidence timing, with the highest peaks in countries where Internet is most frequently used for health-related searching. Although somehow limited, Google could be a valuable tool for syndromic surveillance.

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