scholarly journals FRANCISCO JAVIER CLAVIJERO (1731-1787) AUTOTRADUTTORE ALL’ITALIANO

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Gentile G. Marchetti
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Spanish Language ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Subject

Arriving in Italy following the expulsion of the Jesuits from all the territories of the Spanish crown, the Mexican Francisco Javier Clavijero did not delay much to conceive the work that earned him the fame of initiator of the modern Latin American historiography. Eager to correct the erroneous and, in many ways, teratological image that the philosophes had offered of America, he composed, in the Spanish language, his, still fundamental today, Historia antigua de México, which, however, for various reasons, had to remain manuscript for a long time. Instead, he published it in Italian (Storia antica del Messico, 4 vols., Cesena, Biasini, 1780-81), two years after finishing it, in March 1778. The considerable extension of the work certainly makes Clavijero credible when he claims to have imposed himself a “new and difficult task by translating [his books] into the Tuscan”. The solutions that he adopts for some translation problems in the field of the subject dealt with are preferibiles to those of most contemporary translators of similar works.

scholarly journals A possível contribuição da teologia da Reforma para a América Latina: Aproximações críticas

2017 ◽  
Vol 77 (305) ◽  
pp. 74
Author(s):  
Roberto Ervino Zwetsch
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Christian Church ◽  
Poor Women ◽  
Lutheran Theology ◽  
The Disabled ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Subject ◽  
America Latina ◽  
Historical Moment

Síntese: O Autor é leitor interessado na teologia de Lutero, não um especialista. Aborda no presente texto um tema que o acompanha desde muito e a partir de sua inserção na vida da igreja cristã e no contexto da América Latina, considerando suas alegrias e tristezas, a opressão dos povos e o menosprezo pela vida das pessoas mais débeis e vulneráveis, além do uso irresponsável do meio ambiente por parte de nossas sociedades. Vivemos tempos cruéis, nos quais o sistema mundial se torna cada vez mais violento, especialmente contra povos indígenas, quilombolas, pobres da cidade e do campo, mulheres, crianças, pessoas com deficiência e idosas, além daquelas que vivem fora dos padrões impostos pelas maiorias. Que teologia ou mensagem pode colaborar para o renascimento da esperança entre nós? Haverá na teologia da Reforma Protestante do século 16 e, particularmente, na teologia de Lutero algo que nos sirva de inspiração para nossa caminhada atual? Que contribuição nossas igrejas podem oferecer neste momento histórico? O texto intenta resgatar, a partir de uma perspectiva protestante crítica, algo da radicalidade daquele movimento que celebra 500 anos em 2017. O olhar aqui proposto se coloca a partir da periferia do sistema dominante, a partir da gente invisível que, paradoxalmente, guarda em sua vida de lutas e sonhos algo da chama da fé por debaixo das cinzas do tempo.Palavras-chave: Teologia de Lutero. Teologia latino-americana. América Latina. Realidade eclesial e social. Desafios.Abstract: The author is a reader interested in the Theology of Luther, not an expert on the subject. In the present article, he deals with a theme that has been accompanying him for a long time, in fact since his insertion in the life of the Christian Church and in the Latin American context. He has considered its moments of joy and of sadness, the oppression of its peoples and the contempt for the life of the most fragile and vulnerable besides the irresponsible use of the environment by our societies. We are going through cruel times, in which the world system gets increasingly violent, especially against indigenous peoples, quilombos, the urban and rural poor, women, children, the old and the disabled, besides those who live outside the standards imposed by the majorities. Which theology or message can help towards the rebirth of hope among us? Will there be in the theology of the Protestant Reform of the 16th century and, particularly in the Lutheran theology, something that may serve as inspiration for our present journey? Which contributions can our churches offer in this historical moment? The article intends to rescue, from a critical Protestant perspective, something of the radicalism of that movement that celebrates its 500th anniversary in 2017. The view we propose here is that of the periphery of the ruling system, of those invisible people who, paradoxically, maintain in their lives of struggles and dreams a bit of that flame of faith under the ashes of time.Keywords: Lutheran theology. Latin-American theology. Latin America. Ecclesial and social reality. Challenges.

scholarly journals Trinidad Spanish: implications for Afro-Hispanic language

1990 ◽  
Vol 64 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 7-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Lipski
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Spanish Language ◽  
Spanish America ◽  
Caribbean Region ◽  
South American ◽  
Language Usage ◽  
African Slave ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Caribbean

[First paragraph]The question of Spanish language usage among African-born slaves (known as bozales) and their descendents in Spanish America is the subject of much controversy, and has had a major impact on theories of Creole formation and the evolution of Latin American dialects of Spanish, Portuguese and French. Briefly, one school of thought maintains that, at least during the last 150-200 years of African slave trade to Spanish America, bozales and their immediate descendants spoke a relatively uniform Spanish pidgin or creole, concentrated in the Caribbean region but ostensibly extending even to many South American territories. This creole in turn had Afro-Portuguese roots, derived from if not identical to the hypothetical maritime Portuguese creole (sometimes also identified with the medieval Sabir or Lingua Franca) claimed to be the source of most European - based Creoles in Africa, Asia and the Americas.1 The principal sources of evidence come in 19th century documents from the Caribbean region, principally Cuba and Puerto Rico, where many (but not all) bozal texts share a noteworthy similarity with other demonstrably Afro-Portuguese or Afro-Hispanic Creoles in South America, Africa and Asia.

scholarly journals ON THE IMAGINATIVE COMPONENT OF (LATIN) AMERICAN IDENTITY DISCOURSE

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 230-239
Author(s):  
O. Yu. Bondar
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
American Identity ◽  
Cultural Meanings ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Forming Strategy ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Usual Interpretation

The discovery of America was one of the major events that determined the establishment of the world-historical process. However, for a long time this large-scale and all-important phenomenon, as well as the concept itself, was interpreted strictly in accordance with the Eurocentric attitudes and assessments of history. The European outlook tended to review the ambiguous, heterogeneous in its content, and accompanied by contradictions phenomenon in narrow geographical, political, economic, and epistemological perspectives. The usual interpretation lacked the cultural-historical, philosophical, and cultural meanings. The author of the article attempts to fill the lost meanings and to expand the very meaning of the concept of “the discovery of America” by changing perspectives - from the European to the (Latin) American one, in which the concept reaches a new interpretative level by having defined the continent-wide culture-forming strategy, and is able to absorb many meanings of self-identification of the subject involved in the global historical process.

An Adaptive and Learning System for Feedback-Controlled Evoked Response Studies

1981 ◽  
Vol 20 (03) ◽  
pp. 169-173
Author(s):  
J. Wagner ◽  
G. Pfurtscheixer
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Evoked Response ◽  
Learning System ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Electrical Brain Activity ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Eeg Power ◽  
Stimulation System ◽  
Background Eeg

The shape, latency and amplitude of changes in electrical brain activity related to a stimulus (Evoked Potential) depend both on the stimulus parameters and on the background EEG at the time of stimulation. An adaptive, learnable stimulation system is introduced, whereby the subject is stimulated (e.g. with light), whenever the EEG power is subthreshold and minimal. Additionally, the system is conceived in such a way that a certain number of stimuli could be given within a particular time interval. Related to this time criterion, the threshold specific for each subject is calculated at the beginning of the experiment (preprocessing) and adapted to the EEG power during the processing mode because of long-time fluctuations and trends in the EEG. The process of adaptation is directed by a table which contains the necessary correction numbers for the threshold. Experiences of the stimulation system are reflected in an automatic correction of this table. Because the corrected and improved table is stored after each experiment and is used as the starting table for the next experiment, the system >learns<. The system introduced here can be used both for evoked response studies and for alpha-feedback experiments.

THE G77@50 AND THE STRUGGLE FOR A DECOLONIAL FUTURE

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Siphamandla Zondi
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Introductory Article ◽  
Colonial Legacies ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Good For

 This introductory article outlines the importance of the subject discussed in this edition of UNISA’s Latin American Report, the Group of 77+ China. It seeks to locate this discussion at the centre of the search for an alternative world to one that remains haunted by colonial legacies and new imperial designs. It makes the point that the G77 is born into an evolving pursuit of a dream for a world in which former colonies realise fully their aspirations for a future that is good for all. It shows that the G77 has played a crucial role in this, while it also poses questions about the Group’s ability to implement what it works so hard to reach consensus on.

The Phantom Defense: America's Pursuit of the Star Wars Illusion. By Craig Eisendrath, Melvin A. Goodman, and Gerald E. Marsh. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2001. 216p. $24.95. Ballistic Missile Defense and the Future of American Security: Agendas, Perceptions, Technology, and Policy. By Roger Handberg. Praeger, 2001. 264p. $62.00. Rockets' Red Glare: Missile Defenses and the Future of World Politics. Edited by James J. Wirtz and Jeffrey A. Larsen. Boulder, CO: Westview, 2001. 368p. $28.50.

2002 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 879-880
Author(s):  
David Goldfischer
Keyword(s):  
World Politics ◽  
Ballistic Missile ◽  
Missile Defense ◽  
Star Wars ◽  
Technological Context ◽  
The Future ◽  
Ballistic Missile Defense ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Strategic Defense ◽  
The Subject

As Michael O'Hanlon concludes in his excellent contribution to Rockets' Red Glare: “We should…get used to the debate over ballistic missile defenses. It has been around a long time, and no final resolution is imminent” (p. 132). In one sense, a review of these three recent books makes clear that many analysts had grown a bit too used to positioning themselves in terms of the 1972 ABM Treaty. Preoccupied with arguments over whether the treaty should be preserved, modified, or rewritten in light of a changing strategic and technological context, no one seemed to have anticipated that President George W. Bush would simply withdraw from it, invoking Article XV's provision that either party could withdraw if “extraordinary events related to the subject matter of this Treaty have jeopardized its supreme interests.” Even many strategic defense supporters who deemed the treaty obsolete (as Robert Joseph persuasively maintains in his contribution to Rockets' Red Glare) generally believed that it should only—and would only—be scrapped if negotiations over U.S.-proposed changes broke down. (“The Bush Administration,” surmises O'Hanlon, “will surely try very hard to amend it before going to such an extreme”) (p. 112). In the event, the president's team disavowed even the word “negotiation,” saying they were willing only to “consult” the Russians regarding the treaty's impending demise.

How Far Scientific is Snakebite Prevention and First Aid Treatment in School Textbook?

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-40
Author(s):  
Faiha Fairouz ◽  
Rumana Rashid ◽  
Abdullah Abu Sayeed
Keyword(s):  
Health Problem ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Elementary Science ◽  
First Aid ◽  
Primary Treatment ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Class Viii ◽  
The Subject ◽  
School Books

Background: Snakebite is an old health problem in rural areas. In Bangladesh, the snakebite issue is included in school syllabus, in curriculum since long time, so that people can take/get immediate first aid treatment and can prevent snakebite. The success of snakebite treatment depends more on providing first aid treatment immediately after snakebite by learning and by sending the patients quickly to hospital. Snakebite is a preventable health problem indeed. If it can be prevented the rate of snakebite will also decrease. In the recently published snake bite management Guideline by WHO it has been targeted to reduce 50% of mortality & disability due to snakebite by 2030.1 Methods: a. The snakebite topic or issue has been thoroughly reviewed in the secondary and higher secondary school books. b. National Guidelines on snakebite in providing/ giving first aid treatment has been reviewed.2 c. The correlation between the topic to learn the subject and the national guidelines have been reviewed and given taken into account. d. The similarity or correlation between the national guidelines and the topic in the prevention of snakebite in the book have been observed & reviewed. It was a descriptive/narrative research study. Results: In the book of class IV in Primary and Secondary level students, ‘Elementary Science, (‘Prathomiik Bigghan’) page no. 86 and in book of class VIII Home Science (‘Gharjhastha Biggan’) page no. 16 the Snakebite issue/topic is mentioned.2,3 There are 22 information on the first aid/primary treatment of Snakebite among which 5 (five) are nonscientific rather harmful. (Table & Picture) Bangladesh J Medicine Jan 2020; 31(1) : 39-40

Latins and Greeks in Debate over Purgatory, 1230–1439

1984 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Ombres
Keyword(s):  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Agenda

By the 1230s Latins and Greeks were riot short of issues for debate or polemic, but the topic of purgatory did have a novel feel about it. The doctrine seems to emerge on the common agenda fairly suddenly, finding no place, for example, in the wide-ranging list of 104 points of divergence drawn up by the Byzantine prelate, Constantine Stilbès, in the wake of the cruel sack of Constantinople by the Latins in 1204. The subject did, however, establish itself as a hardy perennial, and it is proposed to trace its main ramifications up to the death of Emperor Michael viii in 1282, and then to concentrate on the Council of Ferrara–Florence (1438–9). Without a doubt the debates and the constant attempts at reunion were not conducted in isolation from wider cultural, political and military considerations, the kind of considerations that in 1400 would lead the Byzantine emperor to journey as far as England. But here the emphasis will fall on the theological aspects. Moreover, there were also in play forces of inertia, ignorance and mutual incomprehension difficult to assess rationally. The thirteenth-century friar, Humbert of Romans O.P., in discussing what would make for reunion with the Greeks noted how a schism might be continued simply because it had existed for a long time, just like the feud between Guelf and Ghibelline.

Again on relative clause and subordination in Latin

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gualtiero Calboli
Keyword(s):  
Relative Clause ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Central Point ◽  
Relative Pronoun ◽  
Case Theory ◽  
Nominative Case ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Law

AbstractI started from the relative clause which occurs in Hittite, and in particular with the enclitic position of the relative pronoun. This is connected with the OV position and this position seems to have been prevailing in Hittite and PIE. The syntactic structure usually employed in Hittite between different clauses is the parataxis. Nevertheless, also the hypotaxis begins to be employed and the best occasion to use it was the diptych as suggested by Haudry, though he didn't consider the most natural and usual diptych: the law, where the crime and the sanction build a natural diptych already in old Hittite. Then I used Justus' and Boley's discussion on the structure of Hittite sentence and found a similarity with Latin, namely the use of an animate subject as central point of a sentence. With verbs of action in ancient languages the subject was normally an animate being, whereas also inanimate subject is employed in modern languages. This seems to be the major difference between ancient and modern structure of a sentence, or, better to say, in Hittite and PIE the subject was an animate being and this persisted a long time, and remained as a tendency in Latin, while in following languages and in classical grammar the subject became a simple nominal “entity” to be predicated and precised with verb and other linguistic instruments. A glance has been cast also to pronouns and particles (sometimes linked together) as instruments of linking nominal variants of coordinate or subordinate clauses and to the development of demonstrative/deictic pronouns. Also in ancient case theory a prevailing position was assured to the nominative case, the case of the subject.

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