Again on relative clause and subordination in Latin

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gualtiero Calboli
Keyword(s):  
Relative Clause ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Central Point ◽  
Relative Pronoun ◽  
Case Theory ◽  
Nominative Case ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Law

AbstractI started from the relative clause which occurs in Hittite, and in particular with the enclitic position of the relative pronoun. This is connected with the OV position and this position seems to have been prevailing in Hittite and PIE. The syntactic structure usually employed in Hittite between different clauses is the parataxis. Nevertheless, also the hypotaxis begins to be employed and the best occasion to use it was the diptych as suggested by Haudry, though he didn't consider the most natural and usual diptych: the law, where the crime and the sanction build a natural diptych already in old Hittite. Then I used Justus' and Boley's discussion on the structure of Hittite sentence and found a similarity with Latin, namely the use of an animate subject as central point of a sentence. With verbs of action in ancient languages the subject was normally an animate being, whereas also inanimate subject is employed in modern languages. This seems to be the major difference between ancient and modern structure of a sentence, or, better to say, in Hittite and PIE the subject was an animate being and this persisted a long time, and remained as a tendency in Latin, while in following languages and in classical grammar the subject became a simple nominal “entity” to be predicated and precised with verb and other linguistic instruments. A glance has been cast also to pronouns and particles (sometimes linked together) as instruments of linking nominal variants of coordinate or subordinate clauses and to the development of demonstrative/deictic pronouns. Also in ancient case theory a prevailing position was assured to the nominative case, the case of the subject.

scholarly journals Historical background to preventing and preventing domestic violence

2019 ◽  
pp. 7-12
Author(s):  
Ts.S. Baranova
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Good Reason ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Effective System ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Law

The article is about exploring the historical background to countering and preventing domestic violence. It is established that the legal phenomenon under study has two components: an analysis of the causes of domestic violence and determining the location of each of the subjects covered by these relationships. It is concluded that, given the number of scientific works, the subject of which were separate elements of the mechanism of prevention and counteraction to domestic violence, it is more expedient to study this phenomenon through the prism of establishing the historical preconditions for its occurrence. Today, it is crucial to study the genesis of domestic violence by researching scientific, historical, and religious sources, legislation in contemporary Ukraine, analyzing current legislation, comparing the domestic and western history of the problem of domestic violence to further determine the factors and ways to overcome it. The purpose of the article is to investigate the historical aspects of domestic violence as a complex and historically stable phenomenon. The problem of domestic violence and prevention has been discussed for a long time, especially since the adoption of the Law of Ukraine «On Prevention of Domestic Violence» of November 15, 2001 No2789-III, however, scientists and practitioners have come to the conclusion that the existing legislative norms did not perform their functions properly , and in order to comply with international standards, today this topic is again actively discussed in society and for good reason because according to statistics released during the voting for the Law, over 3 million children in Ukraine annually observe acts of violence in the country. themselves or their forced participants, and nearly 70% of women are subjected to various forms of abuse and humiliation. And here it is important to understand that the legislator must not just implement international standards, and wait for change. The main task of the state - to realize each of their sections in reality, while achieving the goals of the law, namely: to create an effective system aimed at ensuring the prevention of criminal acts against violence, preventing them, stopping and punishing them for such actions, creating an effective system of crime investigation, ensuring the effectiveness of remedies for every domestic violence victim. Keywords: domestic violence, counteraction, prevention, fight against violence, causes.

scholarly journals German participle II constructions as adjuncts

2000 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 309-321
Author(s):  
Ilse Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Argument Structure ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Relative Pronoun ◽  
Syntactic Position ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Adverbial Clauses ◽  
Propositional Operator ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Interpretative Flexibility

The present investigation is concerned with German participles II (past participles) as lexical heads of adjuncts. Within a minimalist framework of sound-meaning correlation, the analysis presupposes a lexicalist conception of morphology and the differentiation of Semantic Form and Conceptual Structure. It is argued that participles II have the same argument structure as the underlying verbs and can undergo passivization, perfectivization and conversion to adjectives. As for the potential of participles to function as modifiers, it is shown that attributive and adverbial participle constructions involve further operations of conversion. Participle constructions are considered as reduced sentences. They do not have a syntactic position for the subject, for an operator (comparable to the relative pronoun in relative clauses) or for an adverbial relator (as in adverbial clauses). The pertinent components are present only in the semantic structure. Two templates serve the composition of modifiers - including participle constructions - with the modificandum. It is necessary to differentiate between modification which unifies two predicates relating to participants or to situations and frame setting modification where the modifier is given the status of a propositional operator. The proposed analysis shows that the high degree of semantic underspecification and interpretative flexibility of German participle II constructions resides in the indeterminacy of participles II with respect to voice and perfect, in the absence of certain constituents in the syntactic structure and in the presence of corresponding parameters in the Semantic Form of the participle phrases.  

scholarly journals Subjektsegenskaper i förändring: Indefinita subjekt i fornsvenskt lagspråk

2019 ◽  
Vol NF 28 (2018) ◽  
pp. 112-141
Author(s):  
Minna Sandelin
Keyword(s):  
Information Structure ◽  
Relative Clauses ◽  
Final Position ◽  
Legal Language ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Old Swedish ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Bare Nouns ◽  
The Law

In Old Swedish, the placement of the subject was tied to its function in the information structure of the clause: rhematic subjects, which are semantically indefinite and introduce a new referent to the text, were most often postverbal. The study analyses such subjects in Old Swedish legal language in relation to the order of constituents in the clause, the position of the clause in the text, and the structure of the subject. Three questions are posed: 1. What order of constituents is found in clauses with semantically indefinite subjects? 2. Do these clauses appear in initial, medial, or final position in paragraphs and subparagraphs? 3. What structure does a semantically indefinite subject have? The corpus consists of all main clauses (n=210) and subordinate clauses (n=28) with indefinite subjects in three sections of the Law of Uppland. An indefinite subject seldom (5.2%) appears in the preverbal position in main clauses, while this is common in subordinate clauses (71.4%). In over 93% of main clauses, the subject appears postverbally as the second or third constituent, but placement as the fourth constituent is rare. The main clauses are often verb-initial conditional clauses in which the preverbal position is not a possibility. The clauses tend to appear in initial or medial position in the text, in the introduction to a paragraph or a subparagraph. The subjects are mainly short, bare nouns, but they can also be combined with numerals, pronouns, or relative clauses.

Competence of a spouse as a witness: some unresolved issues in Botswana

1998 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. K. Quansah
Keyword(s):  
State Policy ◽  
Social Institution ◽  
Slippery Slope ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Escape Route ◽  
Legal Proceedings ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Law ◽  
Civil Cases

Marriage as a social institution has been deliberately protectedas a matter of State policy. Such protection manifests itself in a variety of ways, one of which is the subject of this article. In an attempt to protect the sanctity of marriage, a rule evolved under which spouses cannot give evidence against each other in legal proceedings. In the words of that venerable English jurist, Coke, if this were not so “it might be a cause of implacable discord and dissension between the husband and the wife”. The rule shows itself in strange ways both in criminal and civil cases. For example, the law regards spouses as one person and as such they cannot conspire with each other. Although the institution has been on a slippery slope for a long time with the increasing prevalence of “cohabitation” it has shown remarkable resilience and most of the population still partake and support it. The British bequeathed the rules relating to competence of spouses to Botswana some decades ago and these have since been applied in their pristine purity although the legislature left an escape route by which they could be supplemented. It is this route for supplementation which has led to issues that need to be resolved. Some of these are explored in this article, after a brief historical background of the reception of the rules.

scholarly journals ABOUT GAPS IN MORTGAGE LEGAL RELATIONS IN IMPLEMENTATION OF MORTGAGE SUBJECT

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Court Decision ◽  
Legal Certainty ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right ◽  
Subjective Rights ◽  
Mortgage Law ◽  
Legal Consequences

The purpose of this article is to identify loopholes in the mortgage law of Ukraine, in particular if the creditor has not properly exercised his or her right to a final court decision to satisfy his / her claims at the expense of the mortgage subject, resulting in violations of subjective rights of the mortgagee. It is noted that in practice, when applying the Law of Ukraine "On Mortgage" of 05.06.2003 № 898-IV outside the sphere of legal regulation of this law there is a question of legal consequences in case the creditor did not use within a certain time his right on the basis of a court decision on satisfaction his claims on the subject of the mortgage, including termination of the mortgage on these grounds. It is noted that the issue is unsettled: whether the debtor has the right to demand termination of the mortgage agreement, if the lender has chosen a way to satisfy his claims precisely by applying the foreclosure for the mortgage through his public auction, which was decided by the court, does not take any action on enforcement of this judgment. It is emphasized that the issue of the possibility of termination of a mortgage obligation as a result of abuse by the creditor of the right to enforce the obligation is important, in particular when the value of the property transferred to the mortgage exceeds considerably the amount of credit debt of the debtor and the mortgagee (the owner of the property) with encumbered property, unable to dispose of it, waiting for a long time to properly execute the court decision. The authors believe that, because of the improper execution of the court decision and the terms of the mortgage agreement, the mortgagee should also bear the burden of liability and certain losses in this case as well. Therefore, to protect the subjective rights of both the mortgagee and the mortgagee, the authors propose to overcome the gap in the Law of Ukraine "On Mortgage" by amending Art. 17. after the second part of the new part reads as follows: "if the mortgagee has not taken any measures to realize the subject of the mortgage for the execution of the judgment". That is, through the introduction of appropriate amendments to the legislation provides legal certainty in the mortgage relationship.

scholarly journals Syntactic structure of absolute construction and the connection between its main components in the Udmurt language

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-135
Author(s):  
Nadezhda N. Timerkhanova
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Contextual Analysis ◽  
Nominative Case ◽  
Continuous Sampling ◽  
Linguistic Term ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Colloquial Speech ◽  
Descriptive Method

Introduction. In the Udmurt language, bisubjective sentences with absolute polypredicative constructions are very productive. The main components of such constructions are expressed by the noun in the nominative case and the gerundium adverbial or gerundium noun, which are connected by a specific connection. The purpose of this article is to establish the syntactic features of polypredicative constructions. Research objectives are to describe the syntactic structure of such constructions, to establish the type of syntactic connection between the main components within the absolute constructions and to show its difference from the types of syntactic connection traditionally distinguished in the sentence. Materials and Methods. The main source of the research was the materials from the Udmurt literature and colloquial speech. The author used a set of such research methods as: descriptive method, continuous sampling, contextual analysis, linguistic modeling and transformation. The use of these methods allowed considering the specifics of the units under consideration on a specific language material. Results and Discussion. In the system of the Udmurt language, absolute polypredicative constructions are widely represented. Namely, gerundium adverbial constructions and gerundium noun constructions that have their own subject of action, which are different from the subject of action of the main part of the sentence – the subject, which is associated with the predicate. The syntactic connection between the subject and the gerundium adverbial part (gerundium noun) is specific, not predicative and not subordinate; it has not yet been designated with the help of a linguistic term in Udmurt linguistics. Such constructions have a fixed word order. In verbs with the gerundium adverbial part on the suffix -sa, there can be no autonomous subject of action, the subject is always the same for the verb-predicate and the gerundium adverbial part. Conclusion. In the Udmurt language, there are bisubjective constructions with the second subject of action in the nominative case, which claims to be the subject in a polypredicative construction with the main word being a gerundium adverbial or gerundium noun. The syntactic connection between the main components within an absolute constructions differs from the types of syntactic relationship traditionally distinguished in a sentence. This connection can be described as “semi-predictive coordination” or “subpredicative coordination”.

scholarly journals Case Role in the Urhobo Language

2021 ◽  
pp. 27-33
Author(s):  
IMU Oghoghophia Famous
Keyword(s):  
Argument Structure ◽  
Universal Grammar ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Case Theory ◽  
Nominative Case ◽  
Transitive Verb ◽  
Indirect Object ◽  
Dative Case ◽  
Frame Work ◽  
The Subject

This paper examines case role in the Urhobo language. Case theory is used as theoretical frame work, the specific objectives is to investigate type of cases and to relate cases roles to argument structures in Urhobo. The study reveals that in the Urhobo language every lexically headed NP must receive case from a case assigner. The Case theory requires that the case assigner govern the NP to which its assigns case. Tense, verb and preposition are case assigners. The infinitive ‘to’ and the passive participles are not case assigners. Case assignment can take place only when the case assigner and the NP to which it assigns case bear a structural relation to one another. It also reveals that irrespective of the theory and its arguments, Urhobo verbs are the basses and centre of its expansion of its constructions. This research also finds out, that the argument structures identified in universal grammar (UG) align with the argument structure of the Urhobo language; the verb assigns arguments to the noun phrases in a sentence. This is traced to the structure of the Urhobo language which is subject-verb-object (SVO). Finally, the study reveals that the function of the nominative case is to mark the subject of the sentence; the vocative is the case of address; the accusative is used to mark the object of a transitive verb; the genitive is the case of possession, ablative case is to mark the instrument with which something is done and the dative case marks the indirect object in the Urhobo language.

Swahili coordinated infinitives and non-canonical case-marking

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Riedel ◽  
Mark de Vos
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Case Theory ◽  
Nominative Case ◽  
Case Marking ◽  
Infinitival Clauses ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Subject Agreement

AbstractSwahili exhibits a construction where a tensed and an infinitival clause are coordinated. This is an example of “unbalanced” coordination insofar as one verb is tensed and the other is not. Furthermore, the licensing of an overt subject in the infinitival clause problematizes Case Theory because infinitival clauses do not assign nominative case. The construction is also puzzling because although it bears some characteristics of pseudo-coordination it also has properties reminiscent of true coordination. Despite the theoretical questions this raises, the construction has not been adequately addressed in the literature: to our knowledge, this paper presents the first-ever theoretical analysis of this construction. We argue that the conjuncts are at least coordinated AgrSPs (the subject agreement phrase) dominated by TP (the tense phrase) which licenses case-marked subjects in both conjuncts.

scholarly journals PRAWNE ŚRODKI ZAPOBIEGANIA POCHOPNEMU ZAWIERANIU MAŁŻEŃSTW W ŚWIETLE BADAŃ SOCJOLOGICZNYCH

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Wanda Stojanowska
Keyword(s):  
Waiting Time ◽  
Medical Examination ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
The Family ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Law ◽  
The One ◽  
Theoretical Considerations ◽  
Court Practice

LEGAL MEANS OF PREVENTING INJUDICIOUS MARRIAGE IN THE LIGHT OF SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH Summary The results of the statutory research presented in the present study are part of a completed research project on the methods of decreasing the number of divorces. The project envisaged two main research areas: 1) the prevention of injudicious marriage, and 2) divorce. An analysis was carried out on the research results for the former area, conducted by interviewers using the structured interview method. Interviews were conducted in eight voivodeships and within three groups of respondents: 120 newlyweds, 40 heads of Polish registry offices (Urząd Stanu Cywilnego), and 40 priests conducting pre-marital courses. The subject of the research and its theoretical considerations were the legal means of preventing injudicious marriage provided for in the Family and Guardianship Code (Kodeks rodzinny i opiekuńczy), Article 4 (on the one-month mandatory waiting time for the contraction of marriage) and Article 10 (on the mandatory issue of court consent for a person between the ages of sixteen and eighteen to contract a marriage), as well as the need to introduce a compulsory pre-marital medical examination, which has been the subject of debate for a long time. The study ends with a summary presenting an evaluation of the current legal provisions and court practice, as well as proposals for changes in the law e.g. in methods of preparing couples for marriage as envisaged conducting pre-marital courses. The subject of the research and its theoretical considerations were the legal means of preventing injudicious marriage provided for in the Family and Guardianship Code (Kodeks rodzinny i opiekuńczy), Article 4 (on the one-month mandatory waiting time for the contraction of marriage) and Article 10 (on the mandatory issue of court consent for a person between the ages of sixteen and eighteen to contract a marriage), as well as the need to introduce a compulsory pre-marital medical examination, which has been the subject of debate for a long time. The study ends with a summary presenting an evaluation of the current legal provisions and court practice, as well as proposals for changes in the law e.g. in methods of preparing couples for marriage as envisaged by Canon Law.

scholarly journals Frá skiptisögn til ósamhverfrar aukafallssagnar: Um 'líka' í fornu máli

Orð og tunga ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 39-68
Author(s):  
Einar Freyr Sigurðsson ◽  
Heimir van der Feest Viðarsson
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Argument Structure ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Subject Position ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Old Icelandic ◽  
Nominative Case ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Dative Case ◽  
The Subject

In Modern Icelandic the verb líka ‘like’ occurs with a subject in the dative case and an object in the nominative case. It has been argued that this was also the case in Old Icelandic. In this paper we argue that in contrast to Modern Icelandic, the nominative argument of líka could also constitute the subject during the Old Icelandic period and the dative argument the object. More specifically, we maintain that the verb líka was an alternating (or symmetric) verb where the nominative and the dative argument could raise to the subject position, whereas in Modern Icelandic only the dative is able to raise to the subject position. In other words, we argue that a change in the argument structure of the verb has taken place such that líka has changed from being an alternating (symmetric) verb to an asymmetric oblique subject verb. The main argument that is used to substantiate this claim comes from control infinitives in Old Icelandic, taking on the form in (i): (i) girntiz meirr at líka einum guði en mönnum desired.mid more to PRO.nom like.inf alone.dat god.dat than men.dat ‘(He) desired more to please God alone than men.’ (Æv 150.15) Based on a generative analysis of syntactic structure, we present evidence that reveals that the dative argument functions syntactically as the object, in addition to discussing other potential evidence based on word order. When the nominative argument is the subject, the meaning of 'líka' is sometimes closer to that of English 'please' than 'like'. We also discuss how this might be accounted for.

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