scholarly journals Insecticide susceptibility tests conducted in Kamhororo, Masakadza and Chilonga villages in Zimbabwe during the 2011 malaria period

2012 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Lukwa ◽  
S. Sande ◽  
P. Munosiyei ◽  
M. Zimba
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
World Health ◽  
Insecticide Susceptibility ◽  
Lambda Cyhalothrin ◽  
Percent Mortality ◽  
Susceptibility Tests ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Observation Times

Insecticide susceptibility tests using World Health Organization papers treated with 4% dichloro-diphenyl-trichloro-ethane (DDT), 0.05% deltamethrin, 0.05% lambda-cyhalothrin, 0.5% etofenprox, 0.15% cyfluthrin and 0.75% permethrin were conducted in Kamhororo, Masakadza and Chilonga villages, Zimbabwe. Three to 5-day old female <em>Anopheles gambiae sensu lato</em> adult mosquitoes were used. Deltamethrin knocked down 100% of the mosquitoes from Kamhororo, Masakadza and Chilonga at 35 min exposure. DDT did not knock down 100% of the mosquitoes from Kamhororo and Masakadza but did so in Chilonga. One hundred percent knockdown was achieved for cyfluthrin when exposed to mosquitoes from Kamhororo (60 min), Masakadza (25 min) and Chilonga (25 min). Etofenprox knocked down 100% of the mosquitoes collected from Kamhororo (30 min), Masakadza (30 min) and Chilonga (55 min). Knockdown of mosquitoes due to deltamethrin, DDT, cyfluthrin, permethrin; lambda-cyhalothrin and etofenprox were different at different observation times. One hundred percent mortality due to deltamethrin, DDT, etofenprox, lambdacyhalothrin and cyfluthrin was recorded for mosquitoes collected from all the 3 sites. One hundred percent mortality due to pemethrin was recorded for mosquitoes collected from Kamhororo and Chilonga but mortality was 98.5% for those collected from Masakadza. No knockdown or mortality occurred in the controls from each locality. The kd<sub>50</sub> (knockdown of 50% of the mosquitoes) values were 24.4-73.7 min (DDT), 8-13 min (pemethrin), 9.4-16.3 min (cyfluthrin), 9.4-14.4 min (etofenprox), 8.7-13 min (lambda-cyhalothrin) and 12.1-15.9 min (deltamethrin). The kd<sub>90</sub> (knockdown of 90% of the mosquitoes) values were 45.6-199.5 min (DDT), 14.7-26.5 min (pemethrin), 16.5-34.9 min (cyfluthrin), 21.8-24.4 min (etofenprox), 16.3-31.6 min (lambdacyhalothrin) and 21-25.3 min (deltamethrin). No insecticide resistance was recorded from the 3 sites.

scholarly journals The Efficacy of Vectron 20 WP, Etofenprox, for Indoor Residual Spraying in Areas of High Vector Resistance to Pyrethroids and Organochlorines in Zambia

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Chanda ◽  
Alister Kandyata ◽  
Javan Chanda ◽  
Faustina N. Phiri ◽  
Lucy Muzia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
World Health ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Insecticide Treated Nets ◽  
Lambda Cyhalothrin ◽  
Residual Efficacy ◽  
Health Organization

The selection of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors has the potential to compromise any insecticide-based vector control programme. To ensure that the insecticides used for indoor residual spraying and insecticide-treated nets in Zambia remain effective and their choice is evidence based, insecticide resistance surveillance and monitoring are essential. This study assessed and compared the residual efficacy of etofenprox (Vectron 20 WP), an ether pyrethroid, at 0.1 g/m2 with pyrethroids: bifenthrin (Bistar 10 WP) and lambda-cyhalothrin (Icon 10 CS) at 25 mg/m2 for indoor residual spraying. We also assessed the resistance status of etofenprox to local malaria vectors, An. funestus s.s and An. gambiae s.s, using World Health Organization standard protocols. The residual efficacy of Vectron 20 WP on cement, rendered walls of houses lasted for four months with 100% mortality. By the eighth month, the killing effect had reduced to 73.8% compared to 63.3% for bifenthrin and 77.0% for lambda-cyhalothrin. Susceptibility tests using standard World Health Organization assays on An. gambiae s.s showed susceptibility to etofenprox (0.1%) but some resistance was detected to Anopheles funestus s.s. The product is recommended as an ideal insecticide for indoor residual spraying for malaria control in Zambia as part of a resistance management programme in selected areas of the country.

scholarly journals The residual effect of lambda-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane in Zhombe, Kwekwe district, Zimbabwe

2012 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
N. Lukwa ◽  
A. Makuwaza ◽  
S.L. Mutambu ◽  
P. Munosiyei
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
World Health ◽  
Exit Window ◽  
Lambda Cyhalothrin ◽  
Window Traps ◽  
Health Organization

Indoor residual house spraying using lambda-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) was conducted in Zhombe Resettlement area, Zimbabwe. A total of 204/219 (93.1%), 224/260 (86.2%) and 257/325 (79.1%) rooms were sprayed with lambda-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin and DDT wettable powders respectively. Bioassays were conducted on sprayed walls and roofs using 3-5 day old laboratory reared susceptible <em>Anopheles gambiae sensu lato </em>mosquitoes placed in World Health Organization cones. <br />Bioassays conducted on sprayed walls (1 month), showed that efficacy of lambda-cyhalothrin was the same with DDT but different with deltamethrin and this trend continued in the 2<sup>nd</sup> month. During the 3rd month, lambda-cyhalothrin killed more mosquitoes than deltamethrin (P=1.931x10<sup>-14</sup>), DDT killed more mosquitoes than deltamethrin (P=0.0001) and lambda-cyhalothrin killed more mosquitoes than DDT (walls). Efficacy of lambda-cyhalothrin and DDT was the same 4 months post spray (P=0.487), notable differences were seen in lambdacyhalothrin and deltamethrin (P=2.57x10<sup>-6</sup>), DDT and deltamethrin (P=2.17-10<sup>-8</sup>). Efficacy of lambda-cyhalothrin and DDT was the same 5 months post spray (P=0.244), major differences were found in lambdacyhalothrin and deltamethrin (P=0.000), DDT and deltamethrin (P=5.18x10<sup>-5</sup>) and this trend continued in the 6<sup>th</sup> month. One month after spraying roofs, mortality of mosquitoes due to lambdacyhalothrin/ deltamethrin (P=2.56x10<sup>-5</sup>), lambda-cyhalothrin/DDT (P=1.2x10<sup>-7</sup>) and deltamethrin/DDT (P=0.013) were significantly different and this continued in the 2<sup>nd</sup> month. However, 3 months after spraying, mortality due to lambda-cyhalothrin/deltamethrin (P=1.46x10<sup>-6</sup>), lambda-cyhalothrin/DDT (P=0.048), and deltamethrin/DDT (P=0.004) were significantly different and this continued in the 4<sup>th</sup> month. Five months after spraying roofs, mortality due to lambda-cyhalothrin/ deltamethrin (P=0.000) and deltamethrin/DDT (P=6.6x10<sup>-7</sup>) were significantly different. Six months after spraying, lambdacyhalothrin/ deltamethrin (P=0.34), lambda-cyhalothrin/DDT (P=0.982), and deltamethrin/DDT (P=0.64) were not significantly different. When using exit window traps, no mosquitoes were collected from rooms sprayed with each of the insecticides over a 6-month period. However, 17, 6, 14, 7, 2 and 3 fed <em>An. gambiae sl </em>mosquitoes were collected in the 1<sup>st</sup>, 2<sup>nd</sup>, 3<sup>rd</sup>, 4<sup>th</sup>, 5<sup>th</sup> and 6<sup>th</sup> month respectively from unsprayed rooms and none of them died after 24 h.

scholarly journals Assessment of the susceptibility status of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) populations to pyriproxyfen and malathion in a nation-wide monitoring of insecticide resistance performed in Brazil from 2017 to 2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kauara Brito Campos ◽  
Ademir Jesus Martins ◽  
Cynara de Melo Rodovalho ◽  
Diogo Fernandes Bellinato ◽  
Luciana dos Santos Dias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
World Health ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Wide Scale ◽  
Susceptibility Tests ◽  
The One ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Background Chemical mosquito control using malathion has been applied in Brazil since 1985. To obtain chemical control effectiveness, vector susceptibility insecticide monitoring is required. This study aimed to describe bioassay standardizations and determine the susceptibility profile of Ae. aegypti populations to malathion and pyriproxyfen, used on a national scale in Brazil between 2017 and 2018, and discuss the observed impacts in arbovirus control. Methods The diagnostic-doses (DD) of pyriproxyfen and malathion were determined as the double of adult emergence inhibition (EI) and lethal doses for 99% of the Rockefeller reference strain, respectively. To monitor natural populations, sampling was performed in 132 Brazilian cities, using egg traps. Colonies were raised in the laboratory for one or two generations (F1 or F2) and submitted to susceptibility tests, where larvae were exposed to the pyriproxyfen DD (0.03 µg/l) and adults, to the malathion DD determined in the present study (20 µg), in addition to the one established by the World Health Organization (WHO) DD (50 µg) in a bottle assay. Dose-response (DR) bioassays with pyriproxyfen were performed on populations that did not achieve 98% EI in the DD assays. Results Susceptibility alterations to pyriproxyfen were recorded in six (4.5%) Ae. aegypti populations from the states of Bahia and Ceará, with Resistance Ratios (RR95) ranging from 1.51 to 3.58. Concerning malathion, 73 (55.3%) populations distributed throughout the country were resistant when exposed to the local DD 20 µg/bottle. On the other hand, no population was resistant, and only 10 (7.6%) populations in eight states were considered as exhibiting decreased susceptibility (mortality ratios between 90 and 98%) when exposed to the WHO DD (50 µg/bottle). Conclusions The feasibility of conducting an insecticide resistance monitoring action on a nation-wide scale was confirmed herein, employing standardized and strongly coordinated sampling methods and laboratory bioassays. Brazilian Ae. aegypti populations exhibiting decreased susceptibility to pyriproxyfen were identified. The local DD for malathion was more sensitive than the WHO DD for early decreased susceptibility detection.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Susceptibility Status of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Populations to Pyriproxyfen and Malathion in a National Wide Monitoring of Insecticide Resistance in Brazil, 2017-2018.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kauara Brito Campos ◽  
Ademir Jesus Martins ◽  
Cynara de Melo Rodovalho ◽  
Diogo Fernandes Bellinato ◽  
Luciana dos Santos Dias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
World Health ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Mortality Ratio ◽  
Wide Scale ◽  
Susceptibility Tests ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Background: In Brazil chemical control has been used since 1985. For the effectiveness of chemical control, it is essential to monitor the vector susceptibility to insecticides. This study aimed to describe bioassays standardization and to determine the susceptibility profile of Ae. aegypti populations to the products in use malathion and pyriproxyfen on national scale between 2017 and 2018, and to discuss the observed results impact in arboviruses control.Methods: The diagnostic-doses (DD) of pyriproxyfen and malathion were determined as the double of the inhibition of adult emergence (EI) and lethal doses for 99% of the Rockefeller reference strain, respectively. For the monitoring of natural populations, collections were performed in 132 Brazilian cities, through egg traps. Colonies were raised in the laboratory for one or two generations (F1 or F2) and submitted to susceptibility tests with larvae exposed to DD of pyriproxyfen (0.03 µg/L) and adults with the malathion DD herein obtained (20 µg), in addition to the World Health Organization (WHO) indicated DD (50 µg) in bottle assay. Dose-response bioassays with pyriproxyfen were performed with populations which did not achieved 98% EI in the DD assays. Results: Alteration of susceptibility to pyriproxyfen was recorded in 6 (4.5%) Ae. aegypti populations, with Resistance Ratio RR95 from 1.51 to 3.58. These populations were concentrated in Bahia and Ceará states. For malathion, 73 (55,3%) populations distributed all over the country were resistant when exposed to the local DD 20µg/bottle. On the other hand, no one population was resistant, and only 10 (7,6%) populations were considered with decreased susceptibility (mortality ratio between 90 and 98%) when the WHO DD (50 µg/bottle was used). These populations are in the 8 from 27 states.Conclusions: We evidenced the feasibility of conducting an insecticide resistance monitoring action at a national wide scale, employing standardized and strongly coordinated sampling methods and laboratory bioassays. We for the first time identified Brazilian Ae. aegypti populations with decreased susceptibility to pyriproxyfen. Local DD for malathion was more sensitive than the WHO DD to early detect decrease in susceptibility.

scholarly journals Insecticides Susceptibility Status of Malaria Vectors in a High Malaria Endemic Tribal District Gadchiroli (Maharashtra) of India

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (03) ◽  
pp. 33-50
Author(s):  
RK Singh ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World Health ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Synthetic Pyrethroids ◽  
Lambda Cyhalothrin ◽  
Deltamethrin Resistance ◽  
Cone Bioassay ◽  
Susceptibility Tests ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Susceptibility Status ◽  
Major Malaria Vector

Background and Objective: The current study was undertaken to determine insecticide susceptibility of malaria vectors in various villages of high malaria endemic PHCs of Gadchiroli district of Maharashtra. Methods: Adult malaria vectors were collected from the human dwellings/ cattle sheds of 156 villages of 18 malaria endemic PHCs. Susceptibility tests were carried out for different insecticides against An. culicifacies and An. fluviatilis mosquitoes as per the World Health Organization (WHO) procedure. Cone bioassays were also done to assess the quality and efficacy of indoor residual spray. Results:An. fluviatilis could be collected from 23 villages only and all the populations were fully susceptible to synthetic pyrethroid (deltamethrin) while being tolerant to organophosphorous (malathion). Susceptibility of An. culicifacies from 156 villages indicated that only 3 populations of An. culicifacies were resistant to deltamethrin while 57 populations were fully susceptible and other 96 populations were tolerant to deltamethrin. Resistance was recorded in 25 populations of An. culicifacies against malathion and 30 populations were tolerant to malathion insecticide. Remaining populations of An. fluviatilis and An. culicifacies were highly resistant to organochlorine. Results of cone bioassay revealed the mortality ranged from 32.5-51.1% on cemented and 27.5-43.3% on the mud wall sprayed with lambda cyhalothrin. Conclusion: The current study indicates that resistance has developed to synthetic pyrethroids in the major malaria vector An. culicifacies. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the evaluation of new insecticide molecules for better control of malaria vectors.

scholarly journals Assessment of the susceptibility status of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) populations to pyriproxyfen and malathion in a national wide monitoring of insecticide resistance in Brazil, 2017-2018.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kauara Brito Campos ◽  
Ademir Jesus Martins ◽  
Cynara de Melo Rodovalho ◽  
Diogo Fernandes Bellinato ◽  
Luciana dos Santos Dias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
World Health ◽  
Control Effectiveness ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Wide Scale ◽  
Susceptibility Tests ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Background: Chemical control using malathion has been applied in Brazil, since 1985. To obtain chemical control effectiveness, it is essential to monitor vector susceptibility to insecticides. This study aimed to describe bioassay standardizations and determine the susceptibility profile of Ae. aegypti populations to malathion and pyriproxyfen, used on a national scale in Brazil between 2017 and 2018, and discuss the observed result impacts in arbovirus control.Methods: The diagnostic-doses (DD) of pyriproxyfen and malathion were determined as the double of adult emergence inhibition (EI) and lethal doses for 99% of the Rockefeller reference strain, respectively. For the monitoring of natural populations, samplings were performed in 132 Brazilian cities through egg traps. Colonies were raised in the laboratory for one or two generations (F1 or F2) and submitted to susceptibility tests with larvae exposed to the pyriproxyfen DD (0.03 µg/L) and adults to the malathion DD obtained herein (20 µg), in addition to the indicated World Health Organization (WHO) DD (50 µg) in a bottle assay. Dose-response (DR) bioassays with pyriproxyfen were performed with populations which did not achieve 98% EI in the DD assays. Results: Alteration of susceptibility to pyriproxyfen was recorded in 6 (4.5%) Ae. aegypti populations located in the states of Bahia and Ceará, with Resistance Ratios (RR95) ranging from 1.51 to 3.58. For malathion, 73 (55.3%) populations distributed throughout the country were resistant when exposed to the local DD 20µg/bottle. On the other hand, no population was resistant, and only 10 (7.6%) populations from 8 states were considered as exhibiting decreased susceptibility (mortality ratios between 90 and 98%) when exposed to the WHO DD (50 µg/bottle). Conclusions: The feasibility of conducting an insecticide resistance monitoring action at a national wide scale was confirmed herein, employing standardized and strongly coordinated sampling methods and laboratory bioassays. Brazilian Ae. aegypti populations with decreased susceptibility to pyriproxyfen were identified. The local DD for malathion was more sensitive than the WHO DD for the early detection of decreased in susceptibility.

scholarly journals Assessment of the susceptibility status of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) populations to pyriproxyfen and malathion in a nation-wide monitoring of insecticide resistance performed in Brazil from 2017 to 2018

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kauara Brito Campos ◽  
Ademir Jesus Martins ◽  
Cynara de Melo Rodovalho ◽  
Diogo Fernandes Bellinato ◽  
Luciana dos Santos Dias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
World Health ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Wide Scale ◽  
Susceptibility Tests ◽  
The One ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Background: Chemical mosquito control using malathion has been applied in Brazil since 1985. To obtain chemical control effectiveness, vector susceptibility insecticide monitoring is required. This study aimed to describe bioassay standardizations and determine the susceptibility profile of Ae. aegypti populations to malathion and pyriproxyfen, used on a national scale in Brazil between 2017 and 2018, and discuss the observed impacts in arbovirus control.Methods: The diagnostic-doses (DD) of pyriproxyfen and malathion were determined as the double of adult emergence inhibition (EI) and lethal doses for 99% of the Rockefeller reference strain, respectively. To monitor natural populations, sampling was performed in 132 Brazilian cities, using egg traps. Colonies were raised in the laboratory for one or two generations (F1 or F2) and submitted to susceptibility tests, where larvae were exposed to the pyriproxyfen DD (0.03 µg/l) and adults, to the malathion DD determined in the present study (20 µg), in addition to the one established by the World Health Organization (WHO) DD (50 µg) in a bottle assay. Dose-response (DR) bioassays with pyriproxyfen were performed on populations that did not achieve 98% EI in the DD assays. Results: Susceptibility alterations to pyriproxyfen were recorded in six (4.5%) Ae. aegypti populations from the states of Bahia and Ceará, with Resistance Ratios (RR95) ranging from 1.51 to 3.58. Concerning malathion, 73 (55.3%) populations distributed throughout the country were resistant when exposed to the local DD 20 µg/bottle. On the other hand, no population was resistant, and only 10 (7.6%) populations in eight states were considered as exhibiting decreased susceptibility (mortality ratios between 90 and 98%) when exposed to the WHO DD (50 µg/bottle). Conclusions: The feasibility of conducting an insecticide resistance monitoring action on a nation-wide scale was confirmed herein, employing standardized and strongly coordinated sampling methods and laboratory bioassays. Brazilian Ae. aegypti populations exhibiting decreased susceptibility to pyriproxyfen were identified. The local DD for malathion was more sensitive than the WHO DD for early decreased susceptibility detection.

Sensitivity of Culicoides obsoletus (Meigen) (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) to deltamethrin determined by an adapted WHO standard susceptibility test

Parasitology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 141 (4) ◽  
pp. 542-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. DEL RÍO ◽  
R. VENAIL ◽  
C. CALVETE ◽  
C. BARCELÓ ◽  
T. BALDET ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Bluetongue Virus ◽  
Susceptibility Test ◽  
World Health ◽  
Biting Midges ◽  
Culicoides Obsoletus ◽  
Culicoides Imicola ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Who Susceptibility Test

SUMMARYBluetongue is a disease of major economic concern in Europe. Its causative agent, bluetongue virus (BTV), is transmitted by several Culicoides species (mainly Culicoides imicola and Culicoides obsoletus in Europe). The application of insecticides on animals may reduce transmission of BTV, however, no formulation is currently licensed specifically against Culicoides midges. The present study assesses the susceptibility of C. obsoletus to deltamethrin using an adapted World Health Organization (WHO) susceptibility test. Midges were exposed to different dosages of deltamethrin for 1 h, and mortality after 1 h and 24 h was recorded. Results indicated that deltamethrin is highly toxic to C. obsoletus since a dose of 1·33×10−4% was enough to kill 50% of the population (LD50) in 24 h. The deltamethrin concentration needed to kill 90% of the population (LD90) was 5·55×10−4%. The results obtained in the present work could help to create a system that can be used to assess insecticide resistance and susceptibility of Culicoides biting midges.

scholarly journals The need to harmonize insecticide resistance testing: methodology, intensity concentrations and molecular mechanisms evaluated in Aedes aegypti populations in Central America and Hispaniola

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Ledoux ◽  
Carolina Torres Gutierrez ◽  
Neil F. Lobo ◽  
Elizabeth Melany Murillo ◽  
Silvia Pérez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Central America ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
World Health ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Susceptibility Profiles

AbstractBackgroundThe Zika AIRS Project, a USAID-funded initiative worked across the Latin America and Caribbean regions from 2016 to 2019, as an emergency to contain the spread of the Zika virus. All entomological records in the target countries showed wide distribution and high abundance of Aedes aegypti populations, however the susceptibility profiles of these insects to insecticides commonly employed by vector control campaigns were in most cases incomplete or inexistent. In close collaboration with the Ministries of Health of individual countries, Zika-AIRS teams conducted insecticide susceptibility testing of an array of insecticides in A. aegypti populations of each country. Procedures applied met the standard international protocols instructed by the World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Methodology and main findingsThe insecticides tested were selected under categories such as pyrethroids, organophosphates and carbamate. Results showed A. aegypti populations displaying high and widely distributed resistance to all pyrethroids across countries, tolerance to organophosphates and full susceptibility to a carbamate. Key inconsistencies between testing methods are presented and discussed. Additionally, four kdr mutations were analyzed to detect molecular mechanisms of insecticide resistance. The screening for kdr mutations suggested the widespread nature of V1016I mutation, linked to pyrethroid resistance in A. aegypti populations distributed and sampled in the above mentioned regions.Conclusions and perspectivesThis multi-country study contributes with updated information to the public health decision-makers across Central America and the Caribbean. This study provided training and established technical networks for more effective and sustainable insecticide surveillance programs. Most but not all records of insecticide resistance in A. aegypti were consistent between methodologies, thus inconsistent issues are discussed here to call for further improvement in procedures and convey more practical guidelines for surveillance teams in countries where Aedes-borne diseases are endemic.Author summaryAt the forefront of the fight against arboviruses transmission is the insecticide-based vector control. All countries in the Latin American and Caribbean region invest valuable resources from their limited budget to acquire and implement insecticide-based tools, with non-existent or weak insecticide resistance monitoring programs. Hence, the USAID-funded Zika AIRS Project (ZAP) collaborated with the Ministries of Health of multiple countries to update the profile of susceptibility to insecticides in Aedes aegypti populations. We found widespread resistance to pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides, which account to almost 100% of the products available to control adult mosquitoes. As we used both of World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention standard methods, we found many similarities and some inconsistencies in the susceptibility profiles obtained for the very same vector populations. Additionally, we obtained insight on potential molecular mechanisms of resistance across the countries, finding the kdr mutation V1016I possibly involved in loss of susceptibility.This study is the biggest cross-country update of insecticide resistance for Aedes aegypti in years, and it should be used as evidence for improving the selection of insecticides in these countries and a call for further support to maintain insecticide resistance monitoring programs.

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