scholarly journals Association between inflammatory airway disease of horses and exposure to respiratory viruses: a case control study

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley Houtsma ◽  
Daniela Bedenice ◽  
Nicola Pusterla ◽  
Brenna Pugliese ◽  
Samantha Mapes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Airway Disease ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Exercise Intolerance ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Persistent Problem ◽  
Inflammatory Airway Disease ◽  
Control Study ◽  
Viral Respiratory

Background: Inflammatory airway disease (IAD) in horses, similar to asthma in humans, is a common cause of chronic poor respiratory health and exercise intolerance due to airway inflammation and exaggerated airway constrictive responses. Human rhinovirus is an important trigger for the development of asthma; a similar role for viral respiratory disease in equine IAD has not been established yet. Methods: In a case–control study, horses with IAD (n = 24) were compared to control animals from comparable stabling environments (n = 14). Horses were classified using pulmonary function testing and bronchoalveolar lavage. PCR for equine rhinitis virus A and B (ERAV, ERBV), influenza virus (EIV), and herpesviruses 2, 4, and 5 (EHV-2, EHV-4, EHV-5) was performed on nasal swab, buffy coat from whole blood, and cells from BAL fluid (BALF), and serology were performed. Categorical variables were compared between IAD and control using Fisher’s exact test; continuous variables were compared with an independent t-test. For all analyses, a value of P <0.05 was considered significant. Results: There was a significant association between diagnosis of IAD and history of cough (P = 0.001) and exercise intolerance (P = 0.003) but not between nasal discharge and IAD. Horses with IAD were significantly more likely to have a positive titer to ERAV (68 %) vs. control horses (32 %). Horses with IAD had higher log-transformed titers to ERAV than did controls (2.28 ± 0.18 v.1.50 ± 0.25, P = 0.038). There was a significant association between nasal shedding (positive PCR) of EHV-2 and diagnosis of IAD (P = 0.002). Conclusions: IAD remains a persistent problem in the equine population and has strong similarities to the human disease, asthma, for which viral infection is an important trigger. The association between viral respiratory infection and development or exacerbation of IAD in this study suggests that viral infection may contribute to IAD susceptibility; there is, therefore, merit in further investigation into the relationship between respiratory virus exposure and development of IAD.

scholarly journals Association between inflammatory airway disease of horses and exposure to respiratory viruses: a case control study

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley Houtsma ◽  
Daniela Bedenice ◽  
Nicola Pusterla ◽  
Brenna Pugliese ◽  
Samantha Mapes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Control Study ◽  
Airway Disease ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Inflammatory Airway Disease ◽  
Control Study

scholarly journals Apelin 13 and Blood Pressure, Is there any Association in Pre-eclampsia? - A Case-control Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajeev Gandham ◽  
CD Dayanand ◽  
SR Sheela
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Maternal Serum ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Study

Introduction: Pre-eclampsia is a pregnancy specific disorder, characterised by the onset of hypertension and proteinuria. Pre-eclampsia is the leading cause of maternal, perinatal morbidity and mortality. The exact cause of pre-eclampsia is not known clearly and needs to be explored. Aim: To evaluate the maternal serum apelin 13 levels among pre-eclampsia and healthy pregnant women and also, to find the association between apelin 13 and blood pressure. Materials and Methods: A case-control study was conducted between Department of Biochemistry and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, RL Jalappa Hospital and Research Centre, Kolar, Karnataka, India. After approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee and written informed consent from study subjects, a total of 270 pregnant women were recruited for this study. Among them, 135 pre-eclamptic women were considered as cases and 135 normotensive healthy pregnant women served as controls. According to the pre-eclampsia severity, cases were grouped into mild (n=47) and severe pre-eclampsia (n=88). Blood samples were collected from all the study subjects and was analysed for apelin 13 by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method. Maternal and foetal adverse outcomes were recorded. Results were expressed as mean±Standard Deviation (SD). Categorical variables were expressed in percentages. Spearman’s correlation was applied and p<0.05 was considered significant. Results: The mean gestational age was 36.66±3.69 weeks which was, significantly low in pre-eclamptic women compared with healthy pregnant women. BMI (26.94±3.81 kg/m2), systolic (157.82±15.14 mmHg), diastolic (101.68±11.02 mmHg) and Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) (120.20±11.12 mmHg), pulse rate (88.14±5.82 bpm), Aspartate Transaminase (AST) (25.25±12.49 IU/L) and Alanine Transaminase (ALT) (19.01±10.95 IU/L) were significantly increased in pre-eclamptic women when compared with control group. Mean maternal serum apelin 13 (341.44±218.63 pg/mL) concentrations were significantly lower in pre-eclampsia compared with healthy pregnant women. Maternal serum apelin 13 concentrations were negatively correlated with Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) (r = -0.196), Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) (r = -0.172) and MAP (r =-0.204). Adverse maternal outcomes such as epigastric pain 75 (55.55%), oedema 62 (45.92%) and persistent headache 35 (25.92%) were higher in pre-eclamptic group. Additionally, adverse foetal outcomes were more in pre-eclamptic cases including significantly decreased birth weight (2.40±0.65), babies requiring Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) admission were 54 (40%), preterm birth (≤37 wks) in 50 (37.03%), Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) 31 (22.96%), Small for Gestational Age (SGA) in 4 (2.96%) and Intra Uterine Death (IUD) in 11 (8.14%) babies. Conclusion: It was concluded from the present study that there was low maternal serum apelin 13 concentrations in pre-eclampsia and had negative correlation with blood pressure, suggesting its potential role in the pathophysiology of pre-eclampsia.

scholarly journals Risk factors for major external structural birth defects among children in Kiambu County, Kenya: a case-control study

F1000Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
George N. Agot ◽  
Marshal M. Mweu ◽  
Joseph K. Wang'ombe
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Birth Defects ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Continuous Variables ◽  
Reproductive Health Services ◽  
Multifactorial Inheritance ◽  
Control Study

Background: Although major external structural birth defects continue to occur globally, the greatest burden is shouldered by resource-constrained countries with no surveillance systems. To our knowledge, many studies have been published on risk factors for major external structural birth defects, however, limited studies have been published in developing countries. The objective of this study was to identify risk factors for major external structural birth defects among children in Kiambu County, Kenya. Methods: A hospital-based case-control study was used to identify the risk factors for major external structural birth defects. A structured questionnaire was used to gather information retrospectively on maternal exposure to environmental teratogens, multifactorial inheritance, and sociodemographic-environmental factors during the study participants' last pregnancies.  Descriptive analyses (means, standard deviations, medians, and ranges) were used to summarize continuous variables, whereas categorical variables were summarized as proportions and percentages in frequency tables. Afterward, logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimate the effects of the predictors on the odds of major external structural birth defects in the country. Results: Women who conceived when residing in Ruiru sub-county (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 5.28; 95% CI: 1.68-16.58; P<0.01), and Thika sub-county (aOR: 0.27; 95% CI; 0.076-0.95; P =0.04); and preceding siblings with history of birth defects (aOR: 7.65; 95% CI; 1.46-40.01; P =0.02) were identified as the significant predictors of major external structural birth defects in the county. Conclusions: These findings pointed to MESBDs of genetic, multifactorial inheritance, and sociodemographic-environmental etiology. Thus, we recommend regional defect-specific surveillance programs, public health preventive measures, and treatment strategies to understand the epidemiology and economic burden of these defects in Kenya. We specifically recommend the integration of clinical genetic services with routine reproductive health services because of potential maternal genetic predisposition in the region.

scholarly journals Risk factors for stillbirth and early neonatal death: a case-control study in tertiary hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eskinder Kebede ◽  
Melani Kekulawala
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Neonatal Death ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Early Neonatal Death ◽  
Tertiary Hospitals ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background Ethiopia is a Sub-Saharan country that has made significant improvements in maternal mortality and under-five mortality over the past 15 years. However, the nation continues to have one of the highest rates of perinatal mortality in the entire world with current estimates at 33 deaths per 1000 live births. Methods This case-control study was conducted between October 2016 and May 2017 at Tikur Anbessa Hospital and Gandhi Memorial Hospital. All women who had a stillbirth or early neonatal death (i.e. death within 7 days) during this period willing to participate were included as cases. A systematic random sample of women delivering at the hospital were approached for recruitment as controls to generate a 2:1 ratio of controls to cases. Data on risk factors were retrieved from medical records including delivery records, and treatment charts. Statistical differences in background and social characteristics of cases and controls were determined by t-test and chi-squared (or fisher’s exact test) for quantitative and categorical variables respectively. Binary logistic regression analysis was completed to determine any associations between risk factors and stillbirth/early neonatal death. Results During the study period, 366 women delivering at the hospitals were enrolled as cases and 711 women delivering at the hospitals were enrolled as controls. Records from both hospitals indicated that the estimated stillbirth and neonatal mortality rates were 30.7 per 1000. Neonatal causes (43.4%) were the most common, followed by antepartum (32.5%) and intrapartum (24.5%). Risk factors for stillbirths and early neonatal death were low maternal education (aOR 1.747, 95%CI 1.098–2.780), previous stillbirth (aOR 9.447, 95%CI 6.245–14.289), previous preterm birth (aOR 3.620, 95%CI 2.363–5.546), and previous child with congenital abnormality (aOR 2.190, 95% 1.228–3.905), and antepartum hemorrhage during pregnancy (aOR 3.273, 95% 1.523–7.031). Conclusion Antepartum hemorrhaging is the only risk factor in our study amenable for direct intervention. Efforts should be maximized to improve patient education and antenatal and obstetric services. Moreover, the most significant cause of mortality was asphyxia-related causes. It is imperative that obstetric capacity in rehabilitation services are strengthened and for further studies to investigate the high burden of asphyxia at these tertiary hospitals to better tailor interventions.

scholarly journals Mild Clinical Behaviour of Crohn Disease in Elderly Patients in a Latin American Country: A Case-Control Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 435-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús K Yamamoto-Furusho ◽  
Andrea Sarmiento-Aguilar
Keyword(s):  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Crohn Disease ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Histopathological Diagnosis ◽  
Clinical Behaviour ◽  
Control Study

BACKGROUND: Crohn disease is characterized by fluctuating clinical behaviour, which is influenced by various factors. There are no data from Latin America that evaluate the clinical behaviour of Crohn disease in elderly patients.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical course of elderly onset Crohn disease compared with younger onset in the Mexican population.METHODS: The present analysis was a case-control study that included 132 patients with a histopathological diagnosis of Crohn disease between 1983 and 2013 in an inflammatory bowel disease clinic of a tertiary care centre. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 17 (IBM Corporation, USA) and descriptive statistics, χ2and Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables and Student’sttest for numerical variables. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed to identify associated risk factors and OR was calculated.RESULTS: A total of 132 patients (73 men and 59 women) were divided into two groups according to age at diagnosis: 27 cases (>60 years of age) and 105 controls (≤60 years of age). Factors influencing the clinical course of Crohn disease in the elderly were: female sex (OR 2.55 [95% CI 1.06 to 6.10]; P=0.02); colonic location (OR 0.22 [95% CI 0.03 to 0.89]; P=0.02); mild clinical behaviour of disease (OR 10.08 [95% CI 3.74 to 27.17]; P=0.0001); response to medical treatment (OR 2.85 [95% CI 1.08 to 7.48]; P=0.02); frequent use of sulfasalazine (OR 4.46 [95% CI 1.22 to 16.28]; P=0.03); less use of azathioprine (OR 0.38 [95% CI 0.13 to 1.03]; P=0.04); and long-term remission (OR 4.96 [95% CI 1.70 to 14.48]; P=0.002).CONCLUSION: Elderly patients with Crohn disease had a mild clinical course characterized by the lack of escalation to immunosuppressive and anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy, as well as long-term remission.

scholarly journals ASSOCIATION OF ABO AND RH BLOOD GROUPS WITH COVID-19 PCR POSITIVE STATUS: A CASE CONTROL STUDY

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 801-04
Author(s):  
Shabana Asif ◽  
Aashi Ahmed ◽  
Aliya Batool ◽  
Bushra Anwar ◽  
Ambreen Gul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Group ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Blood Groups ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
P Value ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Odds Ratios ◽  
Hospital Data ◽  
Control Study

Objective: To determine association of ABO and Rh blood groups with COVID-19 RT-PCR positive status. Study Design: Case control study. Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Pathology, Margalla Hospital Taxila, from Apr 2020 to Dec 2020. Methodology: The sample comprised of 436 cases and 500 controls. Out of 3936 RT-PCR done during the study duration, 436 RT-PCR positives were enrolled in study as cases. 500 age and gender matched controls were selected from same population. Study variables (age, gender, blood groups, RT-PCR result) were obtained from Hospital data (HIMS). Data was analyzed using SPSS version 25. Mean and SD was calculated for age. Frequencies were calculated for categorical variables. p-value calculated applying chi square test. Odds ratios calculated to determine association. Results: The mean age of cases was 37.3 ± 16.3. Statistically significant association was observed between age, gender and COVID-19 RT-PCR positive status. B+ blood group was most frequent both among cases (35.4%) and controls (36.2%), followed by O+ and A+. However, no significant association was observed between blood groups and COVID-19 RTPCR positivity. Odds ratios calculated for blood group O and non - O (OR=0.95), A antigen (OR=0.97) and Rh factor (OR 0.93) among cases and controls showed week negative association. Whereas a weak positive association of B antigen + and B antigen - with PCR positivity (1.07) was observed between cases and controls. Conclusion: Susceptibility to acquire COVID-19 infection is not associated with ABO and Rh blood groups according to this study.

Risk Factors for Stillbirth and Early Neonatal Mortality: A Case-Control Study in Tertiary Hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eskinder Kebede Weldetensaye ◽  
Melani Kekulawala
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Perinatal Mortality ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Early Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Tertiary Hospitals ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background: Ethiopia is a Sub-Saharan country that has made significant improvements in maternal mortality and under-five mortality over the past 15 years. However, perinatal mortality continues to be a major obstacle. The nation continues to have one of the highest rates of perinatal mortality in the entire world with current estimates at 33 deaths per 1000 live births.Methods: This case-control study was conducted between October 2016 and May 2017 at Tikur Anbessa Hospital (TAH) and Gandhi Memorial Hospital (GMH). All women who had a stillbirth or early neonatal mortality during this period willing to participate were included as cases. A systematic random sample of women delivering at the hospital was approached for recruitment as controls to generate a 2:1 ratio of controls to cases. Data on potential risk factors were retrieved from medical records including health passports, delivery records, and treatment charts. Statistical differences in background and social characteristics of cases and controls were determined by t-test and chi-squared (or fisher's exact test) for quantitative and categorical variables respectively. Binary logistic regression analysis was completed to determine any associations between risk factors and stillbirth/early neonatal mortality.Results: During the study period, 366 women delivering at the hospitals were enrolled as cases and 711 women delivering at the hospitals were enrolled as controls. During the study period, records from both hospitals indicated that the estimated stillbirth and neonatal mortality rates were30.7 per 1000. Neonatal causes (43.4%) were the most common, followed by antepartum (32.5%) and intrapartum (24.5%). Risk factors for stillbirths and early neonatal mortality were low maternal education (aOR 1.747, 95%CI 1.098-2.780), high parity (aOR 1.114, 95%CI .058- 2.484), previous stillbirth (aOR 9.447, 95%CI 6.245-14.289), previous preterm birth (aOR 3.620, 95%CI 2.363-5.546), and previous child with congenital abnormality (aOR 2.190, 95% 1.228-3.905), and antepartum hemorrhage during pregnancy (aOR 3.273, 95% 1.523-7.031).Conclusion: Antepartum hemorrhaging is the only risk factor in our study amenable for direct intervention. Efforts should be maximized to improve patient education and antenatal and obstetric services, particularly for women who have a history of obstetric complications identified as risk factors. Moreover, the most significant cause of mortality was asphyxia-related causes. It is imperative that obstetric capacity in rehabilitation services are strengthened and for further studies to investigate the high burden of asphyxia at these tertiary hospitals to better tailor interventions.

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