scholarly journals Sex Differences in Concussion Symptoms of High School Athletes

2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah J. Frommer ◽  
Kelly K. Gurka ◽  
Kevin M. Cross ◽  
Christopher D. Ingersoll ◽  
R. Dawn Comstock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Return To Sport ◽  
The United States ◽  
Return To Play ◽  
High School Athletes ◽  
Resolution Time ◽  
Interscholastic Sports ◽  
Symptom Resolution ◽  
Males And Females

Abstract Context: More than 1.6 million sport-related concussions occur every year in the United States, affecting greater than 5% of all high school athletes who participate in contact sports. As more females participate in sports, understanding possible differences in concussion symptoms between sexes becomes more important. Objective: To compare symptoms, symptom resolution time, and time to return to sport between males and females with sport-related concussions. Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Setting: Data were collected from 100 high schools via High School RIO (Reporting Information Online). Patients or Other Participants: Athletes from participating schools who sustained concussions while involved in interscholastic sports practice or competition in 9 sports (boys' football, soccer, basketball, wrestling, and baseball and girls' soccer, volleyball, basketball, and softball) during the 2005–2006 and 2006–2007 school years. A total of 812 sport concussions were reported (610 males, 202 females). Main Outcome Measure(s): Reported symptoms, symptom resolution time, and return-to-play time. Results: No difference was found between the number of symptoms reported (P  =  .30). However, a difference was seen in the types of symptoms reported. In year 1, males reported amnesia (exact P  =  .03) and confusion/disorientation (exact P  =  .04) more frequently than did females. In year 2, males reported more amnesia (exact P  =  .002) and confusion/disorientation (exact P  =  .002) than did females, whereas females reported more drowsiness (exact P  =  .02) and sensitivity to noise (exact P  =  .002) than did males. No differences were observed for symptom resolution time (P  =  .40) or return-to-play time (P  =  .43) between sexes. Conclusions: The types of symptoms reported differed between sexes after sport-related concussion, but symptom resolution time and return-to-play timelines were similar.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Shoulder Dislocations in High School and Collegiate Athletics in the United States: 2004/2005 Through 2013/2014

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Kraeutler ◽  
Dustin W. Currie ◽  
Zachary Y. Kerr ◽  
Karen G. Roos ◽  
Eric C. McCarty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Shoulder Dislocation ◽  
College Athletes ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Collegiate Athletics ◽  
Return To Play ◽  
High School Athletes ◽  
Injury Rates

Background: Shoulder dislocations occur frequently in athletes across a variety of sports. This study provides an updated descriptive epidemiological analysis of shoulder dislocations among high school and college athletes and compares injury rates and patterns across these age groups. Hypothesis: There would be no difference in injury rates/patterns between high school and college athletes. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: Shoulder dislocation data from the High School Reporting Information Online (RIO) and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Injury Surveillance Program (ISP) databases were analyzed from the 2004/2005 through 2013/2014 (NCAA) or 2005/2006 through 2013/2014 (RIO) academic years in 11 different sports. Rate ratios (RRs) and injury proportion ratios (IPRs) were calculated to make comparisons between age groups. Results: During the study period, 598 shoulder dislocations were reported during 29,249,482 athlete-exposures (AEs) among high school athletes, for an overall shoulder dislocation rate of 2.04 per 100,000 AEs; 352 shoulder dislocations were reported during 13,629,533 AEs among college athletes, for an overall injury rate of 2.58 per 100,000 AEs. College athletes had a higher rate of shoulder dislocation than high school athletes (RR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.11-1.44). However, the injury rate in football was lower in collegiate than high school athletes (RR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.43-0.62). Surgery was performed to correct 28.0% of high school and 29.6% of college shoulder dislocations. Shoulder dislocations resulted in longer return-to-play times than other shoulder injuries. Conclusion: Overall, shoulder dislocation rates were higher among collegiate than high school athletes. This may be due to greater contact forces involved in sports at higher levels of play, although the increased rate in high school football warrants additional research. Clinical Relevance: Higher shoulder dislocation rates within collegiate athletics are likely due to the higher level of intensity at this level of play, with stronger and faster athletes resulting in more forceful collisions.

scholarly journals Trends in Concussion Return-to-Play Timelines Among High School Athletes From 2007 Through 2009

2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 836-843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer M. Medina McKeon ◽  
Scott C. Livingston ◽  
Ashley Reed ◽  
Robert G. Hosey ◽  
Williams S. Black ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Censored Data ◽  
Return To Play ◽  
Prognostic Indicators ◽  
High School Athletes ◽  
Time To Event ◽  
Interscholastic Sports ◽  
Probability Estimates ◽  
Recovery Times

Context: Whereas guidelines about return-to-play (RTP) after concussion have been published, actual prognoses remain elusive. Objective: To develop probability estimates for time until RTP after sport-related concussion. Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Setting: High school. Patients or Other Participants: Injured high school varsity, junior varsity, or freshman athletes who participated in 1 of 13 interscholastic sports at 7 area high schools during the 2007–2009 academic years. Intervention(s): Athletic trainers employed at each school collected concussion data. The athletic trainer or physician on site determined the presence of a concussion. Athlete-exposures for practices and games also were captured. Main Outcome Measure(s): Documented concussions were categorized by time missed from participation using severity outcome intervals (same-day return, 1- to 2-day return, 3- to 6-day return, 7- to 9-day return, 10- to 21-day return, >21-day return, no return [censored data]). We calculated Kaplan-Meier time-to-event probabilities that included censored data to determine the probability of RTP at each of these time intervals. Results: A total of 81 new concussions were documented in 478 775 athlete-exposures during the study period. After a new concussion, the probability of RTP (95% confidence interval) was 2.5% (95% confidence interval = 0.3, 6.9) for a 1- to 2-day return, 71.3% (95% confidence interval = 59.0, 82.9) for a 7- to 9-day return, and 88.8% (95% confidence interval = 72.0, 97.2) for a 10- to 21-day return. Conclusions: For high school athletes, RTP within the first 2 days after concussion was unlikely. After 1 week, the probability of return rose substantially (approximately 71%). Prognostic indicators are used to educate patients about the likely course of disease. Whereas individual symptoms and recovery times vary, prognostic time-to-event probabilities allow clinicians to provide coaches, parents, and athletes with a prediction of the likelihood of RTP within certain timeframes after a concussion.

scholarly journals Transmission Risk of COVID-19 in High School and College Water Polo

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond J. Kreienkamp ◽  
Christopher J. Kreienkamp ◽  
Cindy Terrill ◽  
Mark E. Halstead ◽  
Jason G. Newland
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Prospective Observational Study ◽  
College Athletes ◽  
The United States ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Return To Play ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
High School Athletes ◽  
School Environments ◽  
Water Polo

Abstract Background: Concerns that athletes may be at a higher risk for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission has led to reduced participation in sports during the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to assess COVID-19 incidence and transmission during the spring 2021 high school and college water polo seasons across the United States. Methods: This prospective observational study enrolled 1,825 water polo athletes from 54 high schools and 36 colleges. Surveys were sent to coaches throughout the season, and survey data were collected and analyzed. Results: We identified 17 COVID-19 cases among 1,223 high school water polo athletes (1.4%) and 66 cases among 602 college athletes (11.0%). Of these cases, contact tracing suggested that 3 were water polo–associated in high school, and 0 were water polo–associated in college. Quarantine data suggest low transmission during water polo play as only 3 out of 232 (1.3%) high school athletes quarantined for a water polo–related exposure developed COVID-19. In college, 0 out of 54 athletes quarantined for exposure with an infected opponent contracted COVID-19. However, in both high school and college, despite the physical condition of water polo athletes, both high school (47%) and college athletes (21%) had prolonged return to play after contracting COVID-19, indicating the danger of COVID-19, even to athletes. Conclusions: While COVID-19 spread can occur during water polo play, few instances of spread occurred during the spring 2021 season, and transmission rates appear similar to those in other settings, such as school environments.

Time Trends in Concussion Symptom Presentation and Assessment Methods in High School Athletes

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (14) ◽  
pp. 3368-3373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dustin W. Currie ◽  
Matthew J. Kraeutler ◽  
John B. Schrock ◽  
Eric C. McCarty ◽  
R. Dawn Comstock
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Time Trends ◽  
State Level ◽  
Sports Injury ◽  
Light Sensitivity ◽  
Diagnostic Evaluation ◽  
Symptom Presentation ◽  
High School Athletes ◽  
Resolution Time ◽  
Symptom Resolution

Background: Concussion rates have increased significantly over the past decade. This may reflect an increase in the knowledge and diagnosis of the symptoms of a concussion rather than a true increase in the incidence. Assessing trends in the way that concussions are presenting to and being identified by clinicians over the same period may provide additional insight into the apparent rise in concussions. Purpose: To evaluate patterns of change in concussion symptom presentation, diagnostic/evaluation methods, and symptom resolution time reported for United States high school athletes from the 2007-2008 through 2014-2015 academic years. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: This study is a retrospective analysis of a web-based longitudinal high school sports injury surveillance database (High School RIO [Reporting Information Online]) collected from 2007-2008 through 2014-2015. For each concussion, athletic trainers entered data regarding symptom presentation, resolution time, and diagnostic/evaluation tools utilized. Academic year was the primary exposure in assessing each aim. Time trends were then assessed using linear regression or the Cochran-Armitage test for trends, depending on the outcome distribution. Results: The proportion of concussed athletes presenting with amnesia, loss of consciousness (LOC), and tinnitus significantly decreased from 2007-2008 through 2014-2015, while the proportion presenting with drowsiness, irritability, light sensitivity, and noise sensitivity increased significantly. The use of diagnostic radiography, magnetic resonance imaging, and computed tomography all significantly decreased during the study period, while the use of computerized neurocognitive tests increased. Concussion symptoms took significantly longer to resolve in more recent years. Conclusion: The decrease in what have traditionally been considered severe symptoms (LOC, amnesia) and the increase in what were traditionally considered minor symptoms (drowsiness, irritability, light sensitivity) suggest that clinicians may have a lower threshold in diagnosing sports-related concussions in more recent years. The significant reduction in the use of all forms of diagnostic head imaging demonstrates an increased recognition of concussions as functional disturbances rather than structural abnormalities. Improved concussion education and the nationwide passage of state-level concussion legislation have likely led to the increased recognition of lingering symptoms in athletes with a diagnosed concussion, thereby leading to a longer symptom resolution time.

scholarly journals Concussion Symptoms and Symptom Resolution Time in US High School Athletes, 2007/08-2014/15

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (7_suppl6) ◽  
pp. 2325967117S0027
Author(s):  
Matthew John Kraeutler ◽  
Dustin Currie ◽  
John Bradley Schrock ◽  
Eric C. McCarty ◽  
Dawn Comstock
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Athletes ◽  
Resolution Time ◽  
Symptom Resolution

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Rare Injuries and Conditions Among United States High School Athletes During the 2005–2006 and 2006–2007 School Years

2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 624-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Huffman ◽  
Ellen E. Yard ◽  
Sarah K. Fields ◽  
Christy L. Collins ◽  
R. Dawn Comstock
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
High School ◽  
High Schools ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
The United States ◽  
Return To Play ◽  
High School Athletes ◽  
Injury Rates ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Cervical Injuries

Abstract Context: Although more than 7 million athletes participate in high school sports in the United States, to date no nationally representative studies of rare injuries and conditions (RICs) exist. Rare injuries and conditions include eye injuries, dental injuries, neck and cervical injuries, and dehydration and heat illnesses. Objective: To describe the epidemiology of RICs sustained by high school athletes during the 2005–2006 and 2006–2007 school years. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: A nationally representative sample of 100 US high schools using an injury surveillance system, High School Reporting Information Online. Patients or Other Participants: Athletes participating in football, boys' soccer, girls' soccer, volleyball, boys' basketball, girls' basketball, wrestling, baseball, or softball at one of the 100 participating high schools. Main Outcome Measure(s): We reviewed all RICs to calculate injury rates and to identify potential risk factors and preventive measures. Results: A total of 321 RICs were sustained during 3 550 141 athlete-exposures (AEs), for an injury rate of 9.04 RICs per 100 000 AEs. This represents an estimated 84 223 RICs sustained nationally. The RICs accounted for 3.5% of all high school athletes' injuries. The most common diagnoses were neck and cervical injuries (62.0%, n  =  199) and dehydration and heat illnesses (18.7%, n  =  60). Football had the highest RIC rate per 100 000 AEs (21.2), followed by wrestling (15.2) and baseball (7.60). The RICs occurred at a higher rate in boys (12.4) than in girls (2.51) (rate ratio  =  4.93; 95% confidence interval  =  3.39, 7.18). The majority of RICs (67.3%, n  =  216) permitted athletes to return to play within 1 week of diagnosis. Conclusions: The RIC injury rates varied by sport and sex and represented almost 100 000 potentially preventable injuries to high school athletes. Because of the potentially serious consequences, future researchers must develop and implement more effective preventive measures to aid certified athletic trainers in decreasing the RIC incidence among high school athletes.

Epidemiology of 10,000 High School Football Injuries: Patterns of Injury by Position Played

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus A. Badgeley ◽  
Natalie M. McIlvain ◽  
Ellen E. Yard ◽  
Sarah K. Fields ◽  
R. Dawn Comstock
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Data Collection Tool ◽  
High School Athletes ◽  
High School Football ◽  
Certified Athletic Trainers ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Patterns Of Injury

Background:With more than 1.1 million high school athletes playing annually during the 2005−06 to 2009−10 academic years, football is the most popular boys’ sport in the United States.Methods:Using an internet-based data collection tool, RIO, certified athletic trainers (ATs) from 100 nationally representative US high schools reported athletic exposure and football injury data during the 2005−06 to 2009−10 academic years.Results:Participating ATs reported 10,100 football injuries corresponding to an estimated 2,739,187 football-related injuries nationally. The injury rate was 4.08 per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs) overall. Offensive lineman collectively (center, offensive guard, offensive tackle) sustained 18.3% of all injuries. Running backs (16.3%) sustained more injuries than any other position followed by linebackers (14.9%) and wide receivers (11.9%). The leading mechanism of injury was player-player contact (64.0%) followed by player-surface contact (13.4%). More specifically, injury occurred most commonly when players were being tackled (24.4%) and tackling (21.8%).Conclusions:Patterns of football injuries vary by position. Identifying such differences is important to drive development of evidence-based, targeted injury prevention efforts.

Return-to-play probabilities following new versus recurrent ankle sprains in high school athletes

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer M. Medina McKeon ◽  
Heather M. Bush ◽  
Ashley Reed ◽  
Angela Whittington ◽  
Timothy L. Uhl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Return To Play ◽  
Ankle Sprains ◽  
High School Athletes

scholarly journals Our Boys and The Last Shot: Examples of the Power of Community Involvement in Underprivileged America

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Claire C. Schaeperkoetter
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Community Involvement ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
High School Athletes ◽  
Public Education System ◽  
The Public ◽  
Central Focus ◽  
Rural Environments ◽  
High School Coach

The central focus of this essay was to examine different socio-cultural structures that affect high school aged athletes in seemingly different impoverished areas in the United States. Specifically, narratives in the popular press books The Last Shot and Our Boys were explored in order to highlight similarities and differences between the high school athletes in these two different urban and rural environments. In all, four factors that showcase the power of community involvement in underprivileged America emerged: the values promoted by the high school coach, the socioeconomic status of the community, the public education system, and the battle between the desire to escape the community and fear of the unknown. The implications of community involvement are discussed and avenues for future research are presented.

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