Epidemiology of 10,000 High School Football Injuries: Patterns of Injury by Position Played

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus A. Badgeley ◽  
Natalie M. McIlvain ◽  
Ellen E. Yard ◽  
Sarah K. Fields ◽  
R. Dawn Comstock
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Data Collection Tool ◽  
High School Athletes ◽  
High School Football ◽  
Certified Athletic Trainers ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Patterns Of Injury

Background:With more than 1.1 million high school athletes playing annually during the 2005−06 to 2009−10 academic years, football is the most popular boys’ sport in the United States.Methods:Using an internet-based data collection tool, RIO, certified athletic trainers (ATs) from 100 nationally representative US high schools reported athletic exposure and football injury data during the 2005−06 to 2009−10 academic years.Results:Participating ATs reported 10,100 football injuries corresponding to an estimated 2,739,187 football-related injuries nationally. The injury rate was 4.08 per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs) overall. Offensive lineman collectively (center, offensive guard, offensive tackle) sustained 18.3% of all injuries. Running backs (16.3%) sustained more injuries than any other position followed by linebackers (14.9%) and wide receivers (11.9%). The leading mechanism of injury was player-player contact (64.0%) followed by player-surface contact (13.4%). More specifically, injury occurred most commonly when players were being tackled (24.4%) and tackling (21.8%).Conclusions:Patterns of football injuries vary by position. Identifying such differences is important to drive development of evidence-based, targeted injury prevention efforts.

The Epidemiology of US High School Basketball Injuries, 2005–2007

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (12) ◽  
pp. 2328-2335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurel A. Borowski ◽  
Ellen E. Yard ◽  
Sarah K. Fields ◽  
R. Dawn Comstock
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Rate Ratio ◽  
Knee Injuries ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Knee Ligament ◽  
Prevention Interventions ◽  
Nationally Representative

Background With more than a million high school athletes playing during the 2006–2007 academic year, basketball is one of the most popular sports in the United States. Hypothesis Basketball injury rates and patterns differ by gender and type of exposure. Study Design Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods Basketball-related injury data were collected during the 2005–2006 and 2006–2007 academic years from 100 nationally representative US high schools via Reporting Information Online. Results High school basketball players sustained 1518 injuries during 780 651 athlete exposures for an injury rate of 1.94 per 1000 athlete exposures. The injury rate per 1000 athlete exposures was greater during competition (3.27) than during practice (1.40; rate ratio, 2.33; 95% confidence interval, 2.10–2.57) and was greater among girls (2.08) than among boys (1.83; rate ratio, 1.14; 95% confidence interval, 1.03–1.26). The ankle/foot (39.7%), knee (14.7%), head/face/neck (13.6%), arm/hand (9.6%), and hip/thigh/upper leg (8.4%) were most commonly injured. The most frequent injury diagnoses were ligament sprains (44.0%), muscle/tendon strains (17.7%), contusions (8.6%), fractures (8.5%), and concussions (7.0%). Female basketball players sustained a greater proportion of concussions (injury proportion ratio, 2.41; 95% confidence interval, 1.49–3.91) and knee injuries (injury proportion ratio, 1.71; 95% confidence interval, 1.27–2.30), whereas boys more frequently sustained fractures (injury proportion ratio, 1.87; 95% confidence interval, 1.27–2.77) and contusions (injury proportion ratio, 1.52; 95% confidence interval, 1.00–2.31). The most common girls’ injury requiring surgery was knee ligament sprains (47.9%). Conclusion High school basketball injury patterns vary by gender and type of exposure. This study suggests several areas of emphasis for targeted injury prevention interventions.

Recruiting Reporters’ Perceptions of Ethical Issues

2020 ◽  
pp. 216747952094668
Author(s):  
Sam Winemiller ◽  
Adam Love ◽  
Jason Stamm
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
The United States ◽  
Media Industry ◽  
High School Athletes ◽  
Athletic Departments ◽  
High School Football ◽  
Sports Programs ◽  
Institutional Oversight

In the Internet era, a substantial online media industry dedicated to covering the recruitment of high school athletes to college sports programs has developed in the United States. The current study explored the perceptions of football recruiting reporters with respect to their ethical responsibilities and the issues they face in their jobs. In doing so, the study builds on the work of Yanity and Edmondson, who explored the perceptions of journalists from other fields about ethical dilemmas they perceived as relevant in the budding high school football recruiting media industry. Through analysis of interviews with 15 people who have worked as reporters for major recruiting websites such as Rivals.com or 247Sports.com , we contend that several key ethical issues must be addressed by online college football and basketball recruiting outlets to protect athletes and to promote responsible journalism. These issues include (a) incessant contact of high school athletes by media members; (b) lack of institutional oversight by parent companies over school-specific sites; (c) ambiguous methodology behind player evaluation; (d) conflicts of interest inherent in recruiting media outlets hosting evaluation camps; and (e) lack of institutional protection from unethical pressures by members of college athletic departments.

scholarly journals The Effectiveness of Mandated Headgear Use in High School Women’s Lacrosse at Reducing the Rate of Head and Face Injuries

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (7_suppl5) ◽  
pp. 2325967119S0034
Author(s):  
Samuel L. Baron ◽  
Shayla J. Veasley ◽  
Matthew T. Kingery ◽  
Michael J. Alaia ◽  
Dennis A. Cardone
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
New York ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
Head Injuries ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
School Organization ◽  
Certified Athletic Trainers ◽  
Injury Rates ◽  
The Public

Objectives: There has been continued controversy regarding whether or not headgear use in women’s lacrosse will increase or decrease the rate of head injuries. In 2017, the Public Schools Athletic of New York City became the first high school organization in the country to mandate ASTM standard F3137 headgear for all women’s lacrosse players. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of mandated headgear use on the rate of head and face injuries in high school women’s lacrosse. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study. The study group included eight varsity and junior varsity women’s lacrosse teams, as well as their game opponents, who were mandated to wear F3137 headgear for all practice and game events over the course of the 2017 and 2018 seasons. Certified athletic trainers assessed and documented all injuries that occurred as a result of participation on the lacrosse teams and athlete exposures were estimated based on the number of team practice and game events. Injury rates were compared with those from the High School RIO (Reporting Information Online) injury data reports from the 2009 to 2016 seasons. Results: Over the study period, 17 total injuries were reported during 22,397 exposures for an injury rate of 0.76 injuries per 1,000 athlete-exposures. Two head/face injuries, both of which were classified as concussions, were reported during the study for a head/face injury rate and concussion rate of 0.09 per 1,000 athlete-exposures. The headgear cohort demonstrated significant decreases in rates of in-game head/face injury (RR 0.141, 95% CI [0.004, 0.798]), in-game concussion (RR 0.152, 95% CI [0.004, 0.860) and practice non-head/face injury (RR 0.239, 95% CI [0.049, 0.703]) when compared to the control cohort. Conclusion: Mandated use of F3137 headgear was shown to be effective at lowering the rate of head or face injury and concussions in women’s lacrosse. Additionally, mandated headgear use was also shown to lower the rate of injury to body locations other than the head or face during practice. [Table: see text]

A - 02 The Epidemiology of Concussion in Middle School Football

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 642-642
Author(s):  
Blackstone A ◽  
Kelshaw P ◽  
Hacherl S ◽  
Erdman N ◽  
Lincoln A ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Middle School ◽  
Return To Sport ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
American Football ◽  
High School Football ◽  
Certified Athletic Trainers ◽  
Older Athletes ◽  
Public Middle School ◽  
Rate Ratios

Abstract Objective Middle school is often the first exposure to American football for many children. However, research examining concussion in football has primarily focused on high school and older athletes. Therefore, we investigated the incidence of concussion and subsequent sport time loss (TL) in MS football. Methods Athlete exposure (AE) and injury rates (IR) were gathered by onsite Certified Athletic Trainers within public middle school for all events across the 2015/16–2019/20 school years. AE was defined as one athlete participating in one practice or game. TL was defined as the number of days between the injury and return to sport dates. Concussion rates per 1000AE with corresponding confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Injury rate ratios (IRR) with 95% CIs were compared IR between practices and games. CIs excluding 1.0 were considered significant. Results 75 concussions (IR = 1.38/1000AE, 95% CI = 1.06–1.69) occurred across 54,544 AEs. The concussion rate was significantly higher in games (n = 31, IR = 3.51, 95%CI = 2.27–4.75) than practices (n = 44, IR = 0.96, 95%CI = 0.68–1.25; IRR = 3.65, 95%CI = 2.30–5.77). The mean sport TL was 16.50 ± 8.25 days. Conclusions We observed middle school football concussion rates (practices and games) and associated TL from sport to be consistent with prior youth and high school football research. However, the concussion rate for middle school games was more than 3 times that of practices. This is similar to prior middle school football findings, but less than reported in high school football. Continued research evaluating modifiable risk factors for concussion in middle school football games and practices is needed.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Shoulder Dislocations in High School and Collegiate Athletics in the United States: 2004/2005 Through 2013/2014

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Kraeutler ◽  
Dustin W. Currie ◽  
Zachary Y. Kerr ◽  
Karen G. Roos ◽  
Eric C. McCarty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Shoulder Dislocation ◽  
College Athletes ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Collegiate Athletics ◽  
Return To Play ◽  
High School Athletes ◽  
Injury Rates

Background: Shoulder dislocations occur frequently in athletes across a variety of sports. This study provides an updated descriptive epidemiological analysis of shoulder dislocations among high school and college athletes and compares injury rates and patterns across these age groups. Hypothesis: There would be no difference in injury rates/patterns between high school and college athletes. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: Shoulder dislocation data from the High School Reporting Information Online (RIO) and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Injury Surveillance Program (ISP) databases were analyzed from the 2004/2005 through 2013/2014 (NCAA) or 2005/2006 through 2013/2014 (RIO) academic years in 11 different sports. Rate ratios (RRs) and injury proportion ratios (IPRs) were calculated to make comparisons between age groups. Results: During the study period, 598 shoulder dislocations were reported during 29,249,482 athlete-exposures (AEs) among high school athletes, for an overall shoulder dislocation rate of 2.04 per 100,000 AEs; 352 shoulder dislocations were reported during 13,629,533 AEs among college athletes, for an overall injury rate of 2.58 per 100,000 AEs. College athletes had a higher rate of shoulder dislocation than high school athletes (RR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.11-1.44). However, the injury rate in football was lower in collegiate than high school athletes (RR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.43-0.62). Surgery was performed to correct 28.0% of high school and 29.6% of college shoulder dislocations. Shoulder dislocations resulted in longer return-to-play times than other shoulder injuries. Conclusion: Overall, shoulder dislocation rates were higher among collegiate than high school athletes. This may be due to greater contact forces involved in sports at higher levels of play, although the increased rate in high school football warrants additional research. Clinical Relevance: Higher shoulder dislocation rates within collegiate athletics are likely due to the higher level of intensity at this level of play, with stronger and faster athletes resulting in more forceful collisions.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Rare Injuries and Conditions Among United States High School Athletes During the 2005–2006 and 2006–2007 School Years

2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 624-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Huffman ◽  
Ellen E. Yard ◽  
Sarah K. Fields ◽  
Christy L. Collins ◽  
R. Dawn Comstock
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
High School ◽  
High Schools ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
The United States ◽  
Return To Play ◽  
High School Athletes ◽  
Injury Rates ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Cervical Injuries

Abstract Context: Although more than 7 million athletes participate in high school sports in the United States, to date no nationally representative studies of rare injuries and conditions (RICs) exist. Rare injuries and conditions include eye injuries, dental injuries, neck and cervical injuries, and dehydration and heat illnesses. Objective: To describe the epidemiology of RICs sustained by high school athletes during the 2005–2006 and 2006–2007 school years. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: A nationally representative sample of 100 US high schools using an injury surveillance system, High School Reporting Information Online. Patients or Other Participants: Athletes participating in football, boys' soccer, girls' soccer, volleyball, boys' basketball, girls' basketball, wrestling, baseball, or softball at one of the 100 participating high schools. Main Outcome Measure(s): We reviewed all RICs to calculate injury rates and to identify potential risk factors and preventive measures. Results: A total of 321 RICs were sustained during 3 550 141 athlete-exposures (AEs), for an injury rate of 9.04 RICs per 100 000 AEs. This represents an estimated 84 223 RICs sustained nationally. The RICs accounted for 3.5% of all high school athletes' injuries. The most common diagnoses were neck and cervical injuries (62.0%, n  =  199) and dehydration and heat illnesses (18.7%, n  =  60). Football had the highest RIC rate per 100 000 AEs (21.2), followed by wrestling (15.2) and baseball (7.60). The RICs occurred at a higher rate in boys (12.4) than in girls (2.51) (rate ratio  =  4.93; 95% confidence interval  =  3.39, 7.18). The majority of RICs (67.3%, n  =  216) permitted athletes to return to play within 1 week of diagnosis. Conclusions: The RIC injury rates varied by sport and sex and represented almost 100 000 potentially preventable injuries to high school athletes. Because of the potentially serious consequences, future researchers must develop and implement more effective preventive measures to aid certified athletic trainers in decreasing the RIC incidence among high school athletes.

scholarly journals High School Athletes' Parents' Perceptions and Knowledge of the Skills and Job Requirements of the Certified Athletic Trainer

2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (12) ◽  
pp. 1286-1291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel L. Weitzel ◽  
Michael G. Miller ◽  
Erin R. Giannotta ◽  
Catherine J. Newman
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Secondary School ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Athletic Trainer ◽  
High School Athletes ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Certified Athletic Trainers ◽  
Job Requirements ◽  
Certified Athletic Trainer

Context Parents play a crucial role in determining medical services for their children, and it is important they understand the scope of practice and skills of the athletic trainer (AT). Objective To understand parents' perceptions and knowledge of the skills and job requirements of the secondary school AT. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Sport meetings and banquets at 5 high schools in southwest Michigan during the fall, winter, and spring seasons. Patients or Other Participants A total of 539 parents whose children competed in at least 1 high school sport participated. Data Collection and Analysis A Parents' Perceptions and Knowledge of Certified Athletic Trainers Survey consisting of 32 questions, divided into 3 sections (demographics, perceptions, and knowledge), was developed and given to parents of high school athletes. One-way analyses of variance were used to determine significance among 3 categories of experience and perception and knowledge of ATs. Results Of the 539 parents who responded, 28% responded yes, and 72% responded no to having experience with an AT for their own injuries. When asked if they had experience with an AT due to their child's injuries, 60% responded yes. We found a difference among the 3 categories of experience for perception scores (P = .002) and knowledge scores (P < .001). Conclusions In the absence of past experience with an AT, parents' perceptions and knowledge of the skills and job requirements of the secondary school AT are limited. Athletic trainers should educate parents on their professional roles, which may enhance their ability to provide better health care.

scholarly journals Injury Recurrence Among High School Athletes in the United States: A Decade of Patterns and Trends, 2005-2006 Through 2015-2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 232596711774578 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Linnea Welton ◽  
Matthew J. Kraeutler ◽  
Lauren A. Pierpoint ◽  
Justin H. Bartley ◽  
Eric C. McCarty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
Sports Injury ◽  
Body Part ◽  
The United States ◽  
High School Athletes ◽  
Injury Rates ◽  
School Sports ◽  
Recurrent Injuries ◽  
Over Time

Background: As participation in high school athletics increases, so does the number of adolescents experiencing sports-related injury. Understanding injury patterns is an important component to developing and evaluating prevention and rehabilitation programs. Purpose: To analyze recurrent injury rates and patterns among high school athletes, to compare recurrent injuries with new injuries, and to evaluate injury trends over time. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: High school sports injury data on 24 sports were collected from 2005-2006 through 2015-2016 via the High School RIO (Reporting Information Online) surveillance system. Injury rates were calculated as number of injuries per 10,000 athletic exposures (AEs). Injury rate ratios and injury proportion ratios (IPRs) were calculated to compare differences among subgroups. Results: Overall, 78,005 injuries were sustained during 40,195,806 AEs, for an injury rate of 19.41 per 10,000 AEs. Of these, 69,821 (89.5%) were new injuries, and 8184 (10.5%) were recurrent. The ankle was the most commonly injured body part among recurrent injuries, while the head/face was the most common body part that sustained new injuries. Ligament sprains were more often recurrent, while concussions were more commonly diagnosed as new, although concussions represented 16.7% of recurrent injuries. Trends for recurrent injuries over time were relatively stable. The proportion of athletes who had >3 weeks of time loss or medical disqualification (15.8% vs 13.3%; IPR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.13-1.26) or who voluntarily withdrew from sport (2.5% vs 1.1%; IPR, 2.33; 95% CI, 2.00-2.73) was significantly greater for recurrent injuries than new injuries. Furthermore, a greater proportion of recurrent injuries resulted in surgery (8.1% vs 6.0%; IPR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.24-1.46). Conclusion: Although only 10.5% of all injuries were recurrent, they more frequently resulted in missing >3 weeks of playing time and were more often managed surgically when compared with new injuries. The rate of recurrent injuries has not increased over the past decade.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Injuries Sustained in Boys’ High School Contact and Collision Sports, 2008-2009 Through 2012-2013

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 232596712090369
Author(s):  
Erin Hammer ◽  
M. Alison Brooks ◽  
Scott Hetzel ◽  
Alan Arakkal ◽  
R. Dawn Comstock
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Sport Participation ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ice Hockey ◽  
Severe Injury ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Body Site ◽  
Time Loss ◽  
Patterns Of Injury

Background: Injury epidemiology for boys’ high school contact and collision sport has been described in several overlapping but fragmented studies. Comprehensive comparisons of injuries sustained in boys’ soccer, wrestling, football, ice hockey, and lacrosse are lacking. Purpose: To describe patterns of injury by severity, body site, and diagnosis among high school boys’ contact and collision sports in the United States. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Injury rates and rate ratios (RRs) were calculated for injuries sustained in boys’ high school soccer, wrestling, football, ice hockey, and lacrosse through use of the High School RIO (Reporting Information Online) surveillance data from 2008-2009 through 2012-2013. Injury patterns were described by site, diagnosis, time loss, and severity. Severe injury was defined as an injury that resulted in 21 days or more of time loss from sport participation. Risk of sustaining a concussion was compared between sports. Results: The risk of sustaining an injury was higher in competition compared with practice overall (RR, 4.01; 95% CI, 3.90-4.12); the same pattern was true for severe injuries (RR, 4.61; 95% CI, 4.34-4.90). Football players experienced the highest injury rate (3.87 per 1000 athlete-exposures [AEs]) and the highest severe injury rate (0.80 per 1000 AEs). Overall, the most commonly injured body site was the head/face (22.5%), and the most prevalent injury diagnosis was ligament sprain not requiring surgery (23.5%). The most frequently injured body site from severe injury was the knee (24.6%), and fracture or avulsion was the most prevalent severe injury diagnosis (37.0%). Football players had a significantly higher risk of sustaining a concussion compared with other contact or collision sport athletes ( P < .05). Conclusion: Injuries rates were higher in competition than those in practice for boys’ high school contact and collision athletes. Football players sustained the highest injury rate, the highest severe injury rate, and the highest concussion rate among the sports included in this analysis. Understanding these patterns of injury can generate policy and rule changes to make sports safer and maintain high levels of participation.

scholarly journals Shoulder Injuries Among United States High School Athletes During the 2005–2006 and 2006–2007 School Years

2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Bonza ◽  
Sarah K. Fields ◽  
Ellen E. Yard ◽  
R. Dawn Comstock
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High Schools ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
Shoulder Injuries ◽  
Shoulder Injury ◽  
High School Athletes ◽  
Injury Patterns ◽  
Injury Rates ◽  
Nationally Representative

Abstract Context: The shoulder is one of the most commonly injured body sites among athletes. Little previous research describes shoulder injury patterns in high school athletes. Objective: To describe and compare shoulder injury rates and patterns among high school athletes in 9 sports (football, soccer, basketball, baseball, and wrestling for boys and soccer, volleyball, basketball, and softball for girls). Design: Prospective injury surveillance study. Setting: Injury data were collected from 100 nationally representative US high schools via High School Reporting Information Online. Patients or Other Participants: Athletes from participating high schools injured while involved in a school-sanctioned practice or competition in 1 of the above sports during the 2005–2006 and 2006–2007 school years. Main Outcome Measure(s): Shoulder injury rates, diagnoses, severity, and mechanisms. Results: During the 2005–2006 and 2006–2007 school years, athletes in this study sustained 805 shoulder injuries during 3 550 141 athlete-exposures (AEs), for an injury rate of 2.27 shoulder injuries per 10 000 AEs. This corresponds to an estimated 232 258 shoulder injuries occurring nationwide during this time. Shoulder injuries were more likely to occur during competition than practice (rate ratio  =  3.01, 95% confidence interval  =  2.62, 3.46). Shoulder injury rates per 10 000 AEs were highest in football (5.09), wrestling (4.34), and baseball (1.90). Common shoulder injury diagnoses included sprains/strains (39.6%), dislocations/separations (23.7%), contusions (11.5%), and fractures (6.6%). Although 44.8% of athletes sustaining a shoulder injury returned to play in less than 1 week, 22.9% were out of play for more than 3 weeks, and 6.2% of shoulder injuries required surgery. Common mechanisms of shoulder injury included player-to-player contact (57.6%) and contact with the playing surface (22.8%). Conclusions: High school shoulder injury rates and patterns varied by sport. Continued surveillance is warranted to understand trends and patterns over time and to develop and evaluate evidence-based preventive interventions.

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