scholarly journals Trends in udder health and emerging mastitogenic pathogens in South African dairy herds

2009 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
I.M. Petzer ◽  
J. Karzis ◽  
J.C. Watermeyer ◽  
T.J. Van der Schans ◽  
R. Van Reenen
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
South African ◽  
Streptococcus Agalactiae ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Udder Health ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Teat Canal

The aim of this study was to retrospectively analyse the results of milk samples obtained from South African dairy herds during the period 1996 to April 2007 in order to identify possible trends in isolates of microorganisms and their pathogenicity under field conditions. Milk samples were obtained from 7 of the 9 provinces in South Africa where there are low numbers of dairy cows. Although there is scientific limitation to a country wide survey, such as the variation in herd size, management skills, parity, milk yield, milking frequency and other parameters, the size of this database helps to give a fair indication of general udder health in South Africa. Cytology and routine bacteriology were performed on 379 000 milk samples of lactating cows and bacteriology on 11 946 samples from non-lactating cows. According to the results obtained, mastitis did not decrease in South Africa over the test period. The prevalence of mastitis and teat canal infection was lowest in 2002. Mastitis and teat canal infection increased from 2002 to 2006 from 8.1 % and 24.1 % to 15.4 and 30.0 % respectively. The percentage of mastitogenic pathogens isolated from cows over these years also varied. Previously unknown or almost eradicated mastitogenic pathogens such as αβ haemolytic Staphylococcus aureus which is thought to be of human origin, Streptococcus agalactiae and Enterococcus canis were responsible for numerous mastitis outbreaks seen in the test samples. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were the most frequently isolated bacteria in milk samples from both lactating and dry cows, followed by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae. Although Staphylococcus aureus remained the principal mastitogenic pathogen in South Africa, owing to its chronic nature and resultant economic losses, most cases of mastitis were caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci. This finding increases the importance of coagulase-negative staphylococci (formerly described as a minor pathogen) significantly. Isolations of Streptococcus agalactiae peaked between 2000 and 2005 and decreased again by 2007. Coagulase-negative staphylococcal isolates increased from 2002 and were still on the increase in 2007. Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus uberis and Enterococcus canis were isolated more frequently from milk samples of lactating cows compared with dry cows, while Enterococcus faecalis was isolated more frequently from dry cow samples.

scholarly journals Proactive udder health management in South Africa and monitoring of antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in dairy herds from 2001 to 2010

2018 ◽  
Vol 89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne Karzis ◽  
Inge-Marie Petzer ◽  
Edward F. Donkin ◽  
Vinny Naidoo
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
South African ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Management Programme ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Udder Health ◽  
Cell Counts

Antibiotic resistance of strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine milk is of concern internationally. The objective of this study was to investigate trends of resistance of S. aureus to antibiotics administered to dairy cows in 19 South African and one Zambian dairy herds (participating in the South African proactive udder health management programme) and to identify possible contributing factors. The resistance of S. aureus strains to eight commonly used antibiotics in South Africa from 2001 to 2010 was evaluated. Staphylococcus aureus isolates (n = 2532) were selected from cows with subclinical mastitis in 20 herds routinely sampled as part of the proactive udder health management programme. The isolates were selected from milk samples that had somatic cell counts more than 400 000 cells/mL and were tested for antibiotic resistance using a standard Kirby–Bauer test with published clinical breakpoints. The prevalence of antibiotic resistance was evaluated as a percentage of S. aureus isolates susceptible out of the total numbers for each antibiotic selected per year. Staphylococcus aureus showed a significant increase in percentage of susceptible isolates over time for all antibiotics tested except for ampicillin. The overall prevalence of mastitis did not change during the study period. However, the prevalence of mastitis caused by S. aureus (mostly subclinical cases) in the selected herds decreased numerically but not significantly. Reduction in the incidence of antibiotic resistance shown by S. aureus was presumed to be a result of the application of the proactive udder health management programme. The fact that the overall prevalence of mastitis was kept stable was possibly because of the influence of the management programme in conjunction with the return of infections caused by non-resistant strains.

Prevalence of intramammary infection in Dutch dairy herds

2009 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Otlis Sampimon ◽  
Herman W Barkema ◽  
Inge Berends ◽  
Jan Sol ◽  
Theo Lam
Keyword(s):  
Recording System ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Prevalence Studies ◽  
Udder Health ◽  
Intramammary Infection ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Streptococcus Uberis ◽  
Changes Over Time

A survey was carried out in 2003 in 49 dairy herds to determine the overall and pathogen-specific prevalence of intramammary infection (IMI) in Dutch dairy herds, and to compare the distribution with four studies performed from 1973 to 1985 in The Netherlands. Herds were randomly selected stratified over the 12 Dutch provinces, had at least 40 lactating cows and participated in the Dutch milk recording system. Quarter milk samples were collected from all 408 cows with a somatic cell count (SCC) ⩾250 000 cells/ml and 145 heifers with SCC ⩾150 000 cells/ml at the last milk test before the farm visit. Additionally, samples were collected from 519 (approximately 25%) of the remaining low-SCC cows and heifers with a SCC at the last milk test before the farm visit of <250 000 and <150 000 cells/ml, respectively. Bacterial growth occurred in 37·3% of milk samples of high-SCC cows and in 21·1% of low-SCC cows. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) were the most frequently isolated group of bacteria (10·8% of quarters) and were found in all herds. Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus IMI was lower in 2003 than in 1973, respectively 1·8% and 6·2% of quarters. Prevalence of Streptococcus uberis and Str. dysgalactiae IMI was almost the same in the five samplings during the 30-year period, at 1·1–1·7 and 0·9–1·5%, respectively. Str. agalactiae was not found in this study. Prevalence of CNS IMI was higher in lactating heifers, while prevalence of Str. uberis, Str. dysgalactiae and penicillin-resistant Staph. aureus IMI was higher in older cows. Because distribution of pathogens changes over time, herd-level samples for bacteriological culturing must be taken regularly to monitor udder health. Additionally, national mastitis prevalence studies give important information through monitoring the national udder health status.

scholarly journals Surveillance of Antibiotic Resistance of Maltose-Negative Staphylococcus aureus in South African Dairy Herds

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 616
Author(s):  
Joanne Karzis ◽  
Inge-Marié Petzer ◽  
Edward F. Donkin ◽  
Vinny Naidoo ◽  
Eric M.C. Etter
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
South African ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Aureus Strain ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Milk Samples

Antibiotic resistance has been reported since the 1940s in both human and veterinary medicine. Many years of monitoring milk samples in South Africa led to identification of a novel maltose-negative Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) strain, which appears to be an emerging pathogen. In this study, the susceptibility of this strain to antibiotics was evaluated over time, during diverse seasons in various provinces and according to somatic cell count (SCC) categories. A data set of 271 maltose-negative S. aureus isolates, from milk samples of 117 dairy herds, was examined using the disk diffusion method, between 2010 and 2017. This study also compared the susceptibility testing of 57 maltose-negative and 57 maltose-positive S. aureus isolated from 38 farms, from three provinces using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The MIC results for the maltose-negative S. aureus isolates showed highest resistance to ampicillin (100%) and penicillin (47.4) and lowest resistance (1.8%) to azithromycin, ciprofloxacin and erythromycin. The maltose-negative S. aureus isolates showed overall significantly increased antibiotic resistance compared to the maltose-positive strains, as well as multidrug resistance. Producers and veterinarians should consider probability of cure of such organisms (seemingly non-chronic) when adapting management and treatment, preventing unnecessary culling.

scholarly journals Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance of maltose negative Staphylococcus aureus in South African dairy herds

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne Karzis ◽  
Inge-Marié Petzer ◽  
Edward F. Donkin ◽  
Vinny Naidoo ◽  
Eric M. C. Etter
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Kwazulu Natal ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background The discovery of antimicrobials in the 1930s was one of the greatest achievements in medicine. However, bacterial resistance to antimicrobials was already observed in the 1940s and has been reported since then in both human and veterinary medicine, including in dairy cows. Many years of monitoring milk samples in South Africa, has led to the identification of a new strain of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), which is maltose negative and appears to be an emerging pathogen. In this study the differences in susceptibility to antimicrobials of this strain were evaluated over time, over different seasons, in different provinces, and according to somatic cell count (SCC) categories. Results A data set of 271 maltose negative S. aureus isolates, cultured from milk samples from 117 herds out of the estimated 2000 commercial dairy herds in South Africa between 2010 and 2017, was studied using the disk diffusion method. This analysis was done using the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) breakpoints in order to compare using both the previous (Intermediate category grouped with Resistant) and current definitions, (Intermediate category grouped with Susceptible). The results of the analysis between the previous and the current definitions differed for tylosin, cefalonium, oxy-tetracycline and cloxacillin. Neither the analysis using the previous nor the current systems showed an effect of province for the maltose negative S. aureus. This was in contrast to the results for maltose positive S. aureus where differences between provinces were shown in a previous study, with the lowest prevalence of resistance shown in KwaZulu-Natal during spring. For the susceptibility testing of 57 maltose negative and 57 maltose positive S. aureus isolates from 38 farms, from KwaZulu Natal, Eastern Cape and Western Cape. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) results for the maltose negative S. aureus isolates confirmed the results of the disk diffusion method. Conclusions The maltose negative strains of S. aureus differed in general, in their antimicrobial resistance patterns over time, in comparison to maltose-positive S. aureus strains. MIC testing also indicated that more multidrug -resistant isolates were seen with the maltose negative S. aureus than in the maltose positive strains.

scholarly journals Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance of maltose negative Staphylococcus aureus in South African dairy herds

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne Karzis ◽  
Inge-Marié Petzer ◽  
Edward F. Donkin ◽  
Vinny Naidoo ◽  
Eric M. C. Etter
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Disc Diffusion Method ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Over Time

Abstract BackgroundThe discovery of antimicrobials in the 1930s was one of the greatest achievements in medicine. However, bacterial resistance to antimicrobials was already observed in the 1940s and has been reported since then in both human and veterinary medicine, including in dairy cows. Many years of monitoring milk samples in South Africa, has led to the identification of a new strain of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), which is maltose negative and appears to be an emerging pathogen. In this study the differences in susceptibility to antimicrobials of this strain were evaluated over time, over different seasons, in different provinces, and according to somatic cell count (SCC) categories.Results A data set of 271 maltose negative S. aureus isolates, cultured from milk samples from 117 herds out of the estimated 2000 commercial dairy herds in South Africa between 2010 and 2017, was studied using the disc diffusion method. This analysis was done using the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) breakpoints in order to compare using both the previously used system (intermediate category grouped with resistant) and more recent system, (intermediate category grouped with susceptible). The results between the previously used system and the more recent system analysis differed for tylosin, cefalonium, oxy-tetracycline and cloxacillin. Neither the analysis using the previous system nor the more recent system showed an effect of province for the maltose negative S. aureus. This was in contrast to the results for maltose positive S. aureus where differences between provinces were shown in a previous study. For the susceptibility testing of 57 maltose negative S. aureus and 57 maltose positive S. aureus the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) results for the maltose negative S. aureus confirmed the results of the disc diffusion method. ConclusionsThe maltose negative strains of S. aureus differed in general, in their antimicrobial resistance patterns over time, in comparison to maltose-positive S. aureus strains. MIC testing also indicated that more multi-resistant isolates were seen with the maltose negative S. aureus than in the maltose positive strains.

scholarly journals Detection of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli in Brazilian mastitic milk goats by multiplex-PCR

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (7) ◽  
pp. 1358-1364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo P. Machado ◽  
Rodrigo C. Silva ◽  
Felipe F. Guimarães ◽  
Anelise Salina ◽  
Hélio Langoni
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Multiplex Pcr ◽  
Streptococcus Agalactiae ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Dairy Goat ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Microbiological Culture

ABSTRACT: This study evalueted the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli in milk samples from 257 goats (513 half-udders) and ten bulk tanks, from ten dairy goat farms of São Paulo State, Brazil, by multiplex-PCR. The samples were screened by microbiological culture (gold-standard), and tested by different multiplex-PCR protocols for the detection of each bacterium. A total of 178 half-udders resulted positive by microbiological culture, with coagulase-negative staphylococci (70%), S. aureus (13.5%), S. intermedius (7.9%), and Enterobacteriaceae (4%) the prevalent pathogens. In other way, multiplex-PCR detected 173 pathogens in 151/523 (28.9%; CI95% 25.2-32.9%) milk samples 144/513 (28.1%) half-udders and 7/10 (70%) bulk tanks, with E. coli (86/162, 51.9%) and S. aureus (50/162, 30.9%) the prevalent ones in half-udders, and S. aureus (6/10, 60%) and E. coli (4/5, 36.4%) in bulk tanks. Multiplex-PCR showed a high performance for the detection of three bacteria at a time in mastitic goat milk direct from half-udders or bulk tanks. Thus, this multiplex-PCR protocol proved to be an adequate tool for the identification of the most common mastitis pathogens, independent of their phenotypic characteristics in the diagnosis of clinical mastitis in goats, allowing a continuous and better vigilance and monitoring the herd, being included in quality programs.

scholarly journals Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance of maltose negative Staphylococcus aureus in South African dairy herds

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne Karzis ◽  
Inge-Marié Petzer ◽  
Edward F. Donkin ◽  
Vinny Naidoo ◽  
Eric M. C. Etter
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Kwazulu Natal ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background The discovery of antimicrobials in the 1930s was one of the greatest achievements in medicine. However, bacterial resistance to antimicrobials was already observed in the 1940s and has been reported since then in both human and veterinary medicine, including in dairy cows. Many years of monitoring milk samples in South Africa, has led to the identification of a new strain of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), which is maltose negative and appears to be an emerging pathogen. In this study the differences in susceptibility to antimicrobials of this strain were evaluated over time, over different seasons, in different provinces, and according to somatic cell count (SCC) categories. Results A data set of 271 maltose negative S. aureus isolates, cultured from milk samples from 117 herds out of the estimated 2000 commercial dairy herds in South Africa between 2010 and 2017, was studied using the disk diffusion method. This analysis was done using the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) breakpoints in order to compare using both the previous (Intermediate category grouped with Resistant) and current definitions, (Intermediate category grouped with Susceptible). The results of the analysis between the previous and the current definitions differed for tylosin, cefalonium, oxy-tetracycline and cloxacillin. Neither the analysis using the previous nor the current systems showed an effect of province for the maltose negative S. aureus. This was in contrast to the results for maltose positive S. aureus where differences between provinces were shown in a previous study, with the lowest prevalence of resistance shown in KwaZulu-Natal during spring. For the susceptibility testing of 57 maltose negative and 57 maltose positive S. aureus isolates from 38 farms, from KwaZulu Natal, Eastern Cape and Western Cape. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) results for the maltose negative S. aureus isolates confirmed the results of the disk diffusion method. Conclusions The maltose negative strains of S. aureus differed in general, in their antimicrobial resistance patterns over time, in comparison to maltose-positive S. aureus strains. MIC testing also indicated that more multidrug -resistant isolates were seen with the maltose negative S. aureus than in the maltose positive strains.

Use ofN-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase to detect teat canal inflammations

1988 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 603-607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liisa Kaartinen ◽  
Niels E. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Streptococcus Agalactiae ◽  
Wound Infections ◽  
Bovine Mammary Gland ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Staph Aureus ◽  
Mastitis Pathogens ◽  
Teat Canal

Infections of the bovine mammary gland are considered to be ascending infections through the teat canal (Forbes & Hebert, 1968). With respect to skin and wound infections, staphylococci in particular adhere to and colonize traumatized areas (Mertzet al.1987).Staphylococcus aureusand coagulase-negative staphylococci can colonize the teat canal for weeks before they invade upper parts of the mammary gland (Forbes & Hebert, 1968). Such teat canal infections predispose the mammary gland to mastitic infections, particularly with the so-called ‘contagious’ mastitis pathogens, namelyStaph. aureus, Streptococcus agalactiaeandStr. dysgalactiae.

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