scholarly journals Protected area entrance fees in Tanzania: The search for competitiveness and value for money

Koedoe ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Spenceley ◽  
Andrew Rylance ◽  
Sadiki L. Laiser
Keyword(s):  
National Parks ◽  
Wildlife Management ◽  
Protected Area ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Conservation Management ◽  
Value For Money ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Survey Responses ◽  
Wildlife Management Areas

User fees charged by Tanzania’s Game Reserves (GR) and Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) have not changed since 2008. Although previous research has been done on visitors’ willingness-to-pay to enter national parks in Tanzania, none has been conducted on GRs and WMAs. This article assesses the entrance fees in GRs and WMAs, by comparing them with equivalent fees charged in Tanzania (at national parks and the Ngorongoro Crater) and also with regional protected areas in Botswana, Kenya, Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe. Based on 28 semi-structured interviews with key stakeholder institutions working on tourism and conservation and more than 50 online survey responses from Tanzanian tourism operators, the research reviews local opinion and issues relating to adjusting current entrance fees. The article considers that while one objective for generating revenue from entrance fees is for conservation management, it is difficult to establish appropriate fees where there are gaps in knowledge about existing levels of visitation, tourism revenue and associated management costs.Conservation implications: This article has implications for protected area management practices, as it provides information on processes by which managers can review and revise entrance fee values.

The Future of Animal Wildlife and Its Habitat in Botswana

1989 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Richard Mordi
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
National Parks ◽  
Wildlife Management ◽  
National Park ◽  
Gross National Product ◽  
Tourist Industry ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Migration Routes ◽  
Game Reserve ◽  
Wildlife Management Areas

To conserve its wildlife, Botswana has set aside more than 17% of its total land area as game reserves, national parks, and wildlife management areas. Despite this generous allocation to wildlife, the fauna of the country is declining in both absolute numbers and species diversity. Lack of permanent water-sources in some game reserves, obstruction of fauna migration routes by cattle fences, and a poorly-developed tourist industry, are partly responsible for this decline.In a developing country such as Botswana, tourism should yield sufficient funds for the maintenance of game reserves and national parks. But currently the tourist industry accounts for less than 2% of the gross national product. Unless the industry is encouraged to flourish and expand into dormant reserves such as the Gemsbok National Park and Mabuasehube Game Reserve, animals in those sanctuaries are likely to be driven by drought into South Africa.

scholarly journals Reference Management Practices of Postgraduate Students and Academic Researchers are Highly Individualized

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Kimberly Miller
Keyword(s):  
Faculty Member ◽  
Research University ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Faculty Members ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
Postgraduate Students ◽  
Student Interview

A Review of: Melles, A., & Unsworth, K. (2015). Examining the reference management practices of humanities and social science postgraduate students and academics. Australian Academic & Research Libraries, 46(4), 250-276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048623.2015.1104790 Objective – To understand patterns in reference management practices of postgraduate students and faculty members at one institution. Design – Mixed methods online survey and semi-structured interviews. Setting – Public research university in Australia. Subjects – The survey included responses from 81 postgraduate students. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 8 postgraduate students and 13 faculty members. Methods – The researchers distributed an 18-item survey via email to approximately 800 people who previously registered for EndNote training sessions. Survey participants were also recruited via a website advertisement. The researchers recruited postgraduate student interview participants from the list of survey respondents. Librarians invited faculty members to participate in the semi-structured interviews. Interview audio recordings were transcribed and coded for data analysis. Main Results – The survey found that 71.4% (n=55) of respondents used reference management software (RMS) and 29% (n=22) did not. Over half of the students who did not use an RMS described other ad hoc or “manual” (p. 255) methods for organizing and tracking references. The majority of participants reported using EndNote (67.53%, n=52), while few respondents reported using other RMS tools like Zotero (1.3%, n=1) or Mendeley (1.3%, n = 1). Software awareness (49.32%, n=36), recommendations from faculty members (30.14%, n=22), and University support (47.95%, n=35) were the primary motivations for choosing a specific RMS. Other important factors included ease of use (32.88%, n=24) and integration with Microsoft Word (46.58%, n=34). Students preferred RMS features that support the process of accessing and using references in a paper, and reported that technical problems were the most common frustrations. The researchers found that student interview respondents were more likely to use RMS (75%, n=6) than were faculty member respondents (31%, n=4). Interview respondents varied in which RMS features they used, like importing references, PDF management, or “Cite While You Write” plug-ins (p. 258). Few interviewees used the RMS’s full functionality, either due to variations in workflow preferences or lack of awareness. Similar to survey respondents, interviewees who did not use an RMS reported their own personal practices for managing references. The time and learning curve necessary to become proficient with a particular RMS, as well as how the RMS fit into a particular task or workflow, influenced respondents’ decisions about software selection and use. Faculty members were split with their advice to students about using an RMS, with some respondents advocating that an RMS can save time and trouble later in their writing processes, while others took a more cautious or hands-off approach. Conclusion – The authors conclude that measuring RMS use or non-use does not reflect the real world complexity behind student and faculty member reference management practices. They suggest that librarians may want to rethink focusing on RMS as the sole reference management solution. Librarians should also recognize that institutional availability and support may influence users’ RMS choices. A user-centred approach would account for RMS and non-RMS users alike, and librarians should “develop a more flexible perspective of reference management as part of an approach to researchers that aims to understand their practices rather than normatively prescribe solutions” (Melles & Unsworth, 2015, p. 265). Instruction workshops should help students and faculty members select features or systems that match their existing research processes, rather than exclusively demonstrate the mechanics of a particular RMS.

scholarly journals Reducing the blame culture through clinical audit in nuclear medicine: a mixed methods study

JRSM Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 205427041668143
Author(s):  
P Ross ◽  
J Hubert ◽  
WL Wong
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Performance Feedback ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Professional Competence ◽  
Clinical Audit ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Sequential Approach ◽  
Survey Question ◽  
Survey Responses

Objectives To identify the barriers and facilitators of doctors’ engagement with clinical audit and to explore how and why these factors influenced doctors’ decisions to engage with the NHS National Clinical Audit Programme. Design A single-embedded case study. Mixed methods sequential approach with explorative pilot study and follow-up survey. Pilot study comprised 13 semi-structured interviews with purposefully selected consultant doctors over a six-month period. Interview data coded and analysed using directed thematic content analysis with themes compared against the study’s propositions. Themes derived from the pilot study informed the online survey question items. Exploratory factor analysis using STATA and descriptive statistical methods applied to summarise findings. Data triangulation techniques used to corroborate and validate findings across the different methodological techniques. Setting NHS National PET-CT Clinical Audit Programme. Participants Doctors reporting on the Audit Programme. Main Outcome measures Extent of engagement with clinical audit, factors that influence engagement with clinical audit. Results Online survey: 58/59 doctors responded (98.3%). Audit was found to be initially threatening (79%); audit was reassuring (85%); audit helped validate professional competence (93%); participation in audit improved reporting skills (76%). Three key factors accounted for 97.6% of the variance in survey responses: (1) perception of audit’s usefulness, (2) a common purpose, (3) a supportive blame free culture of trust. Factor 1 influenced medical engagement most. Conclusions The study documents performance feedback as a key facilitator of medical engagement with clinical audit. It found that medical engagement with clinical audit was associated with reduced levels of professional anxiety and higher levels of perceived self-efficacy.

scholarly journals Using Predictive Evaluation to Design, Evaluate, and Improve Training for Polio Volunteers

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-42
Author(s):  
Denise A. Traicoff ◽  
Dave Basarab ◽  
Derek T. Ehrhardt ◽  
Sandi Brown ◽  
Martin Celaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Workplace Performance ◽  
Worker Training ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Training Quality ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Survey Responses

Background: Predictive Evaluation (PE) uses a four-step process to predict results then designs and evaluates a training intervention accordingly. In 2012, the Sustainable Management Development Program (SMDP) at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention used PE to train Stop Transmission of Polio (STOP) program volunteers. Methods: Stakeholders defined specific beliefs and practices that volunteers should demonstrate. These predictions and adult learning practices were used to design a curriculum to train four cohorts. At the end of each workshop, volunteers completed a beliefs survey and wrote goals for intended actions. The goals were analyzed for acceptability based on four PE criteria. The percentage of acceptable goals and the beliefs survey results were used to define the quality of the workshop. A postassignment adoption evaluation was conducted for two cohorts, using an online survey and telephone or in-person structured interviews. The results were compared with the end of workshop findings. Results: The percentage of acceptable goals across the four cohorts ranged from 49% to 85%. In the adoption evaluation of two cohorts, 88% and 94% of respondents reported achieving or making significant progress toward their goal. A comparison of beliefs survey responses across the four cohorts indicated consistencies in beliefs that aligned with stakeholders’ predictions. Conclusions: Goal statements that participants write at the end of a workshop provide data to evaluate training quality. Beliefs surveys surface attitudes that could help or hinder workplace performance. The PE approach provides an innovative framework for health worker training and evaluation that emphasizes performance.

scholarly journals Symposium on the Kalahari Ecosystem summary and conclusions

Koedoe ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J Hall-Martin
Keyword(s):  
National Parks ◽  
Wildlife Management ◽  
National Park ◽  
Board Of Trustees ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
Wildlife Management Areas

This symposium has dealt largely with the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park (KGNP), an area which has been under the control of the National Parks Board of Trustees since 1931. The park, which covers some 9 600 km2 is part of an international conservation area which includes the adjoining 26 600 km2 Gemsbok National Park in Botswana and adjoining wildlife management areas.

scholarly journals Local Government Stakeholder Perceptions of Legitimacy and Conflict of Interest: The Alcohol Industry and the "Drink Free Days" Campaign in England

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Walls ◽  
Benjamin Hawkins ◽  
Anna Durrance-Bagale
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Local Authority ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Alcohol Policy ◽  
Free Text ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Alcohol Education ◽  
Alcohol Industry ◽  
Survey Responses

Background: Industry involvement in alcohol policy is highly contentious. The Drink Free Days (DFD) campaign (2018- 2019) run by Public Health England (PHE), an executive agency of government, and Drinkaware, an industry-funded ‘alcohol education charity’ to encourage middle-aged drinkers to abstain from drinking on some days was criticised for perceived industry involvement. We examine the extent to which the DFD campaign was supported by local-authority Directors of Public Health (DPHs) in England – which have a statutory remit for promoting population health within their locality – and their reasons for this. Methods: Our mixed-methods approach included a stakeholder mapping, online survey, and semi-structured interviews. The stakeholder mapping provided the basis for sampling survey and interview respondents. In total, 25 respondents completed the survey, and we conducted 21 interviews with DPHs and their local authority (LA) representatives. We examined survey responses, and coded free-text survey and interview responses to identify key themes. Results: While some respondents supported the DFD campaign, others did not promote it, or actively opposed it, due mainly to concerns about conflicts of interest and the legitimacy of industry involvement in the campaign. These were considered to undermine PHE’s independence and deflect attention from more important, evidence-based policy interventions such as alcohol pricing while conferring vicarious credibility on Drinkaware. We also found low levels of knowledge about alcohol-related harm, the effectiveness of different policies to address these and the policy-influencing strategies used by the alcohol industry. Conclusion: The findings highlight the dangers of industry partnership and potential conflicts of interest for government agencies and the ineffectiveness of the campaigns they run at local and national levels. They demonstrate the need for caution in engaging with industry-associated bodies at all levels of government and are thus of potential relevance to studies of other health-harming industries and policy contexts.

scholarly journals The protected area as a tourism eco-brand

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-132
Author(s):  
Svitlana V. Melnychenko ◽  
Hanna I. Mykhaylichenko ◽  
Yuliia B. Zabaldina ◽  
Sergiy S. Kravtsov ◽  
Svitlana S. Skakovska
Keyword(s):  
National Parks ◽  
Protected Area ◽  
Brand Awareness ◽  
Target Market ◽  
Market Positioning ◽  
Environmental Friendliness ◽  
Protected Object ◽  
Nature Park ◽  
Management Approaches ◽  
Survey Responses

Branding of the protected area plays an important role in the process of forming its attractiveness for the currently growing target market, focused on the consumption of environmental friendliness as an unconditional value. The results of literature review show that when the object of branding is a national nature park or any other nature protected object, intangible elements of the brand (affirmative opinions, beliefs and associations) must be based on the principle of eco-friendliness, and the tangible elements (logo, colours, design, semantic and visual effects) reflect this primary value. This is the so-called eco-brand which provides the ecological prerogative of the positioning object. The aim of this paper is to analyze the tangible and intangible components of Ukrainian national nature parks brands, their current market positioning, as well as the development of proposals for eco-brand formation of the national parks. The study tested text and visual content of Internet sites of Ukrainian national natural parks and analyzed their logos. As a result, most logos can be considered environmentally friendly due to their symbology and colours, but Internet sites are not customer and business oriented, and don’t reflect the national parks positioning. Based on a sample of 87 on‐ site visitor survey responses, two factors, the brand awareness and national parks attendance, were estimated. The brand awareness of Ukrainian national parks is critically small and directly depends on the brand awareness. The hiding place survey suggested that consumers do not identify national parks by logos and do not differentiate them well. The results of the survey of potential visitors were supported by the results of interviews with 8 ecotourism experts. Experts identified the current positioning for each national park, proposed changes in positioning based on the characteristics of the landscapes and hydrology, flora and fauna. Based on the findings of this study, the authors proposed a set of measures for the brand positioning of national parks within the framework of the eco-brand concept. The authors insist that the development of a national nature park in the concept of an eco-brand also means the introduction of environmental standards of landscape design, appropriate behaviour patterns and management approaches.

scholarly journals Exploring the Design Preferences of Neurodivergent Populations for Quiet Spaces

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toar Sadia
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Sensory Profile ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Restorative Environment ◽  
Survey Responses ◽  
Design Preferences ◽  
Sensory Overload

Quiet spaces warrant scrupulous design consideration as they offer a sensitive restorative environment to the experience of sensory overload. Currently there is a lack of guidance on how to design inclusive quiet spaces and ambiguity regarding the factors which influence design preferences. Neurodivergent populations provide valuable perspectives on how to design for sensory needs, especially considering their susceptible to sensory overload. An online survey was administered globally to neurodivergent populations to elicit their design preferences for quiet spaces, and semi-structured interviews were conducted to enrich the study with professional perspectives. 312 survey responses and six interviews were analyzed to draw inferences. There was consensus on sound and lighting as the most important design considerations for quiet spaces, on education as the most critical place to implement them, and on nature as a favorable guiding principle in their design. However, there was a diversity of perspectives, often contradictory, regarding most design preferences. Many of these preferences are correlated with the frequency at which the person experiences sensory overload and thus people’s sensory profile may be an underlying mechanism which guides design preferences. In light of these findings it is recommended to design quiet spaces as neutral environments for the most sensitive users, with optional stimulating design features for the least sensitive, while ensuring that the experience of one does not compromise the experience of the other. Moreover, variety, flexibility and control emerged as critical themes for facilitating inclusive design and empowering users by providing them with autonomy over their environment. Given the positive association between the frequency in which sensory overload is experienced and the person’s desire for quiet spaces, it is advisable to consider additional populations which may be susceptible to sensory overload in future research on quiet spaces.

scholarly journals Wildlife Management Areas in Tanzania: Vulnerability and Survival Amidst COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rehema Abeli Shoo ◽  
Elizabeth Kamili Mtui ◽  
Julius Modest Kimaro ◽  
Neema Robert Kinabo ◽  
Gladys Joseph Lendii ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wildlife Management ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Funding Model ◽  
Travel Restrictions ◽  
Global Shocks ◽  
Operational Activities ◽  
The Right ◽  
Wildlife Management Areas

The establishment of Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) has been adopted as intervention to safeguard the wildlife and their habitats outside the core protected areas in Tanzania. Along with their conservation role, WMAs provide an opportunity for local communities to derive economic benefits from wildlife-based enterprises on their land. WMAs primarily rely on revenues generated from photographic and hunting tourism to support operational activities and create incentives for the local communities to conserve wildlife resources. The current global travel restrictions and lockdown caused by an outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic have reduced a vital funding source for WMAs. This, therefore, undermines the ability to manage the wildlife resources and reward communities for the opportunity cost of their land and other costs associated with coexisting with wildlife. This chapter examines the extent to which the decline of tourism revenues as a result of the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic has affected WMAs as a framework for local communities to manage and benefit from wildlife. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews on five WMAs in Northern Tanzania that were purposively selected based on their ability to generate a significant amount of revenues from tourism. Findings show that the decline of tourism revenues triggers unprecedented adverse effects on the conservation of wildlife resources within WMAs. Livelihood of the local communities is also affected due to loss of employment opportunities and drop-off of tourism income obtained from the sales of local goods to the tourists and tourist hotels. We recommend the creation of local mechanisms for revenue acquisition that are more resilient to global shocks, diversifying revenue-generating options within WMAs, and putting in place the right funding model that would warrant WMAs sustainability.

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