scholarly journals Disclosure of human immunodeficiency virus status to children: Pattern followed by parents and caregivers

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cebsile P. Dlamini ◽  
Mokgadi C. Matlakala
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Outpatient Clinic ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Status ◽  
Infected Child ◽  
Hiv Care ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Status Disclosure ◽  
Parents And Caregivers

Background: Disclosure of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status may be perceived as simply the process of revealing a person’s HIV status, whether positive or negative. Despite the emerging evidence of the benefits of disclosure, who, when and what to disclose to a HIV-infected child remains a challenge.Aim: This article reports on the patterns of HIV status disclosure to the infected children by their parents and caregivers.Setting: The study was conducted in the outpatient clinic of one referral hospital offering comprehensive HIV care in the Lubombo region, eSwatini.Methods: A qualitative descriptive design was followed. Data were collected through semi-structured individual interviews with a purposive sample of 13 parents and caregivers whose children were on antiretroviral treatment and collecting treatment from the specific outpatient clinic. Audio recorded data were transcribed verbatim, thematic content analysis was done and used to organise and present the findings.Results: Four themes that emerged in relation to the topic of patterns of disclosure were disclosure of HIV status as a process rather than an event, a proposed person to disclose the HIV status to the child, the appropriate age to disclose HIV status to a child and type and amount of information to give in relation to the HIV status. The proposed person to disclose the HIV status to the infected child was the parent or caregiver involved as the primary carer of the child. There was no agreeable appropriate age to disclose HIV status to an infected child and the type and amount of information to disclose varied with the individuals depending on what prompted disclosure.Conclusion: Human immunodeficiency virus disclosure to children demands parents’ and caregivers’ participation and their knowledge of child development.

scholarly journals Evolving Failures in the Delivery of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Care: Lessons From a Ugandan Meningitis Cohort 2006–2016

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew G. Flynn ◽  
David B. Meya ◽  
Katherine Huppler Hullsiek ◽  
Joshua Rhein ◽  
Darlisha A. Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Hiv Care ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Absolute Increase ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Sub Saharan

Abstract Background Because of investments in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) care in sub-Saharan Africa, the number of people aware of their status and receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) has increased; however, HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) mortality still remains high. Methods We performed retrospective analysis of 3 sequential prospective cohorts of HIV-infected Ugandan adults presenting with AIDS and meningitis from 2006 to 2009, 2010 to 2012, and 2013 to 2016. Participants were categorized as follows: (1) unknown HIV status; (2) known HIV+ without ART; (3) known HIV+ with previous ART. We further categorized 2006 and 2013 cohort participants by duration of HIV-status knowledge and of ART receipt. Results We screened 1353 persons with suspected meningitis. Cryptococcus was the most common pathogen (63%). Over the decade, we observed an absolute increase of 37% in HIV status knowledge and 59% in antecedent ART receipt at screening. The 2006 cohort participants were new/recent HIV diagnoses (65%) or known HIV+ but not receiving ART (35%). Many 2013 cohort participants were new/recent HIV diagnoses (34%) and known HIV+ with <1 month ART (20%), but a significant proportion were receiving ART 1–4 months (11%) and >4 months (30%). Four percent of participants discontinued ART. From 2010 to 2016, meningitis cases per month increased by 33%. Conclusions Although improved HIV screening and ART access remain much-needed interventions in resource-limited settings, greater investment in viral suppression and opportunistic infection care among the growing HIV-infected population receiving ART is essential to reducing ongoing AIDS mortality.

scholarly journals Knowledge of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Status and Seropositivity After a Recently Negative Test in Malawi

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ishani Pathmanathan ◽  
Philip Lederer ◽  
Ray W. Shiraishi ◽  
Nellie Wadonda-Kabondo ◽  
Anand Date ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Status ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Negative Test ◽  
Accurate Knowledge ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Recent Hiv Infection

Abstract Background Awareness of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status among all people with HIV is critical for epidemic control. We aimed to assess accurate knowledge of HIV status, defined as concordance with serosurvey test results from the 2010 Malawi Demographic Health Survey (MDHS), and to identify risk factors for seropositivity among adults (aged 15–49) reporting a most recently negative test within 12 months. Methods Data were analyzed from the 2010 MDHS. A logistic regression model was constructed to determine factors independently associated with HIV seropositivity after a recently negative test. All analyses controlled for the survey’s complex design. Results A total of 11 649 adults tested for HIV during this MDHS reported ever being sexually active. Among these, HIV seroprevalence was 12.0%, but only 61.7% had accurate knowledge of their status. Forty percent (40.3%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 36.8–43.8) of seropositive respondents reported a most recently negative test. Of those reporting that this negative test was within 12 months (n = 3630), seroprevalence was 7.2% for women (95% CI, 5.7–9.2), 5.2% for men (95% CI, 3.9–6.9), higher in the South, and higher in rural areas for men. Women with higher education and men in the richest quintile were at higher risk. More than 1 lifetime union was significantly associated with recent HIV infection, whereas never being married was significantly protective. Conclusions Self-reported HIV status based on prior test results can underestimate seroprevalence. These results highlight the need for posttest risk assessment and support for people who test negative for HIV and repeat testing in people at high risk for HIV infection.

CYTOMEGALOVIRUS SINUS DISEASE IN A HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS-INFECTED CHILD

1995 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 629-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Teresa Olivero ◽  
Robert P. Nelson ◽  
Thomas Andrews ◽  
Kenneth Washington ◽  
Robert A. Good
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Infected Child ◽  
Sinus Disease ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Breaking Bad News — Skills and Evidence

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (10) ◽  
pp. 605-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill Thistlethwaite
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Communication Skills ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Status ◽  
Bad News ◽  
Breaking Bad News ◽  
Breaking Bad ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Patient’S View ◽  
The Impact

Bad or unfavorable news may be defined as ‘any news that drastically and negatively alters the patient's view of her or his future’( Buckman 1992 ). When GPs talk about breaking bad news, they usually mean telling patients that they have cancer, though in fact similar communication skills may be employed when informing patients about a positive human immunodeficiency virus status, or that a relative has died. Of key importance in the process is the doctor gaining an understanding of what the patient's view of the future is or was — the expectation that now might not be met. A doctor should not assume the impact of the diagnosis without exploring the patient's worldview.

scholarly journals Human Immunodeficiency Virus Status in Malnourished Children seen at Lagos

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
EO Temiye ◽  
OF Adeniyi ◽  
IB Fajolu ◽  
AA Ogbenna ◽  
TA Ladapo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
World Health ◽  
Full Blood Count ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Malnourished Children ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Oral Thrush

AbstractIntroductionHuman immunodeficiency virus and protein energy malnutrition are still prevalent in Nigeria and the occurrence of the two conditions together confers a poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to determine the current categories of malnutrition amongst under 5 children in Lagos, document their HIV status and determine any peculiarities in the clinical features, haematological and some biochemical profile in these children.MethodsThe study was a prospective crossectional study conducted at the Paediatric department of the Lagos University Teaching Hospital and the Massey Street Children’s Hospital over a 6 month period. All the subjects had anthropometry, HIV testing, full blood count and serum proteins done. The factors associated with HIV status were determined with the logistic regression analysis.ResultsTwo hundred and fourteen (214) malnourished children ≤5 years were recruited into the study and 25(11.7%) were HIV positive. One hundred and five (49.1%) of the participants had moderate malnutrition while 25.2% had severe forms of malnutrition. Fever, cough and diarrhea were the commonest symptoms. Severe wasting, oral thrush, dermatoses and splenomegaly were seen more commonly in the HIV positive subjects. The haematological indices were comparable in the two groups, however, the total protein was significantly higher in the HIV positive subjects compared to the negative group (p=0.042). Multivariate analysis showed that the total protein (p=0.001) and platelet count (p=0.016) could significantly predict the occurrence of HIV in the malnourished childrenConclusionThe presence of severe wasting, oral thrush, diarrhea, splenomegaly, thrombocytopenia and high total proteins in malnourished children should heighten the suspicion of possible underlying associated HIV infection. This study reinforces the recommendation by the World Health Organisation (WHO) that all malnourished children should have mandatory HIV screening.

scholarly journals Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection among primigravida, in Karnataka

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 5448
Author(s):  
Vani Srinivas ◽  
T. L. N. Prasad ◽  
Rajesh T. Patil ◽  
Sunil D. Khaparde
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
General Population ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Striking Difference ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Difference

Background: Karnataka is one of the six high human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalent states in India. We estimated prevalence among primigravida attending antenatal clinics in Karnataka, assuming this as a proxy for HIV incidence level in the general population.Methods: We tried estimating prevalence among primigravida using cross sectional samples. Data was collected in structured data extraction sheet for the month of September 2011, from all Integrated and Counselling tested Centres (ICTCs) of Karnataka. All the pregnant women were tested as per national protocol. We analysed the basic demographic data, geographical distribution including HIV status of spouse of primigravida.Results: In September 2011, 87580, pregnant women were tested and 238 (0.26%) were found HIV positive of which, 95 (40%) were primigravida. Prevalence among primigravida, was 0.3%. The prevalence among primigravida was highest in Bagalkot (1.6%) district. In Yadgir, Kodagu and Udupi the prevalence was zero. The high prevalent blocks were Jamakhandi, Mudhol, Gokak, Hospet and Muddebihal. 73.7% spouse of positive primigravida were tested for HIV and among those tested, 87.1% were found HIV positive.Conclusions: There is striking difference in the prevalence of HIV among primigravida in different districts of Karnataka probably indicates the difference in effectiveness of preventive interventions in these districts and within blocks. The preventive programs should be reached out to the labourer's and farmers in the general population to prevent the new infections in the general population.

Trends and perioperative outcomes of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) undergoing lower extremity revascularization

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 527-533
Author(s):  
Tanner I Kim ◽  
Anand Brahmandam ◽  
Timur P Sarac ◽  
Kristine C Orion
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Hospital Costs ◽  
Major Amputation ◽  
Perioperative Outcomes ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Multivariable Regression ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Lower Extremity Revascularization

The development of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has significantly improved the life expectancy of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), but has led to the rise of chronic conditions including peripheral artery disease (PAD). However, trends and outcomes among patients with HIV undergoing lower extremity revascularization are poorly characterized. The aim of this study was to investigate the trends and perioperative outcomes of lower extremity revascularization among patients with HIV and PAD in a national database. The National Inpatient Sample (NIS) was reviewed between 2003 and 2014. All hospital admissions with a diagnosis of PAD undergoing lower extremity revascularization were stratified based on HIV status. Outcomes were assessed using propensity score matching and multivariable regression. Among all patients undergoing lower extremity revascularization for PAD, there was a significant increase in the proportion of patients with HIV from 0.21% in 2003 to 0.52% in 2014 ( p < 0.01). Patients with HIV were more likely to be younger, male, and have fewer comorbidities, including coronary artery disease and diabetes, at the time of intervention compared to patients without HIV. With propensity score matching and multivariable regression, HIV status was associated with increased total hospital costs, but not length of stay, major amputation, or mortality. Patients with HIV with PAD who undergo revascularization are younger with fewer comorbidities, but have increased hospital costs compared to those without HIV. Lower extremity revascularization for PAD is safe for patients with HIV without increased risk of in-hospital major amputation or mortality, and continues to increase each year.

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