scholarly journals Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection among primigravida, in Karnataka

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 5448
Author(s):  
Vani Srinivas ◽  
T. L. N. Prasad ◽  
Rajesh T. Patil ◽  
Sunil D. Khaparde
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
General Population ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Striking Difference ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Difference

Background: Karnataka is one of the six high human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalent states in India. We estimated prevalence among primigravida attending antenatal clinics in Karnataka, assuming this as a proxy for HIV incidence level in the general population.Methods: We tried estimating prevalence among primigravida using cross sectional samples. Data was collected in structured data extraction sheet for the month of September 2011, from all Integrated and Counselling tested Centres (ICTCs) of Karnataka. All the pregnant women were tested as per national protocol. We analysed the basic demographic data, geographical distribution including HIV status of spouse of primigravida.Results: In September 2011, 87580, pregnant women were tested and 238 (0.26%) were found HIV positive of which, 95 (40%) were primigravida. Prevalence among primigravida, was 0.3%. The prevalence among primigravida was highest in Bagalkot (1.6%) district. In Yadgir, Kodagu and Udupi the prevalence was zero. The high prevalent blocks were Jamakhandi, Mudhol, Gokak, Hospet and Muddebihal. 73.7% spouse of positive primigravida were tested for HIV and among those tested, 87.1% were found HIV positive.Conclusions: There is striking difference in the prevalence of HIV among primigravida in different districts of Karnataka probably indicates the difference in effectiveness of preventive interventions in these districts and within blocks. The preventive programs should be reached out to the labourer's and farmers in the general population to prevent the new infections in the general population.

scholarly journals Social conditions and immune response in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive pregnant women: a cross-sectional study in Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-29
Author(s):  
Aletheia Soares Sampaio ◽  
Ana Lucia Ribeiro de Vasconcelos ◽  
Clarice Neuenschwander Lins de Morais ◽  
George Tadeu Nunes Diniz ◽  
Anna Lígia de Castro Figueiredo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

scholarly journals The Epidemiology of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Syphilis in Ghana: A Five-Year Single Urban Site Parallel Population-Based Analysis vis-à-vis the Sentinel Survey

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Osei-Yeboah ◽  
Sylvester Yao Lokpo ◽  
Francis Abeku Ussher ◽  
Verner Ndudiri Orish ◽  
Abdul-Wahab Mawuko Hamid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
General Population ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Blood Donors ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Urban Site ◽  
Sentinel Site ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Cumulative Prevalence ◽  
Population Based Survey

The study was aimed at comparing the estimation of the burden and trends (2012–2016) of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Syphilis infections by the national Sentinel Survey vis-à-vis the use of population-based studies at a single urban site (Municipal Hospital) in Ho, the Volta Region of Ghana. Using blood donors as a proxy of the asymptomatic adult population, a retrospective analysis of secondary data on HIV and Syphilis testing was conducted using Ho Municipal Hospital’s archives comprising 4,180 prospective blood donors. Published reports from the National Sentinel Survey for the Ho Sentinel Site comprising 2,452 pregnant women from 2012 to 2016 were used. The cumulative prevalence of HIV and Syphilis infections in the population-based survey was 4.78% and 2.58% while the epidemiology was estimated at 2.75% and 0.24% by the Sentinel Survey for the five-year under review. The new HIV and Syphilis infections were 3.78% and 2.46% in the population-based survey compared to 2.64% and 0.23% in the Sentinel Survey. Gender cumulative prevalence and the yearly trend was found to be higher in the general population compared to the pregnant women. The use of pregnant women to estimate the HIV and Syphilis epidemiology might not be representative of the general population.

scholarly journals Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Is Associated With Preterm Delivery Independent of Vaginal Microbiota in Pregnant African Women

2019 ◽  
Vol 221 (7) ◽  
pp. 1194-1203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muchaneta Gudza-Mugabe ◽  
Enock Havyarimana ◽  
Shameem Jaumdally ◽  
Kirsty Lee Garson ◽  
Katie Lennard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Vaginal Microbiota ◽  
African Women ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Age Assessment ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Abstract Background During pregnancy, the vaginal microbiota is relatively stable. However, African women have more diverse vaginal microbiota than their European counterparts, in addition to high human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence and risk of adverse birth outcomes. Although HIV is associated with alterations in vaginal microbiota and inflammation in nonpregnant women, these relationships are underexplored in pregnant women. Methods In this study, we characterize the vaginal microbiota and immune factors in pregnant African women who were HIV-uninfected (n = 314) versus HIV-infected (n = 42). Mucosal samples were collected once at the enrollment visit (between 15 and 35 weeks of gestation) and women were followed until delivery. Results Vaginal microbial communities of pregnant women with HIV were significantly more diverse than women without HIV (P = .004), with community structure also differing by HIV status (P = .002, R2 = 0.02). Human immunodeficiency virus infection was also associated with increased risk of preterm birth (PTB) (31% versus 15.3%; P = .066). In a multivariate analysis, HIV infection was independently associated with diverse vaginal community state type (CST)-IVA (P = .005) and CST-IVB (P = .018) as well as PTB (P = .049). No association between HIV status and cytokine concentrations was found. Conclusions Longitudinal studies with accurate gestational age assessment would be important to confirm these relationships.

scholarly journals The Difference Incidence of Maternal Uterine Inertia Between Labor With and Without Anemia in Hospital of dr. Soebandi Jember

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 172
Author(s):  
Dina Ayu Savitri ◽  
Yonas Hadisybroto ◽  
Pipiet Wulandari
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Hemoglobin Level ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Uterine Inertia ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Difference

One of the indirect causes of maternal death is anemia. Anemia in pregnancy is a woman with a hemoglobin level below 11 g / dl caused by iron deficiency in pregnant women so that the hemoglobin level becomes low and cannot meet the need for oxygen to perfusion to the tissues. This consumes energy in the affected muscles and buildup of lactic acid which causes fatigue and reduced muscle contraction during labor. Inadequate uterine contractions are called uterine inertia and are characterized by a prolonged phase of labor, which is weak, rarely and short duration. The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in the incidence of uterine inertia between labor and anemia released in RSD dr. Soebandi Jember. This study was analytic observational with a cross sectional research design. The study population was all pregnant women who had improved labor and were included in the medical record at RSD Dr. Soebandi Jember period January 1, 2017 - December 31, 2017. Samples from this study were mothers who had approved the delivery and fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria that had been determined until the number of samples could be fulfilled. The number of samples in this study were 76 samples. The type of data used in this study is secondary data obtained by researchers from the medical records of pregnant women who have received labor. The data included in this study contain demographic data consisting of the age of pregnant women and parity, clinical data in the form of uterine inertia and laboratory data consisting of anemia status. In analyzing the data with Chi Square test (X²), a significance value of 0.011 was obtained so that it can be concluded that Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted which means that the incidence of uterine inertia between free labor and anemia is not important in RSD Dr. Soebandi Jember. Keywords: anemia, uterine inertia, pregnancy, age, parity.  

scholarly journals The Severity of Malaria and Toxoplasmosis Co-Infections among Pregnant Women in Yaounde, Cameroon

2021 ◽  
pp. 22-32
Author(s):  
Judith Lum Ndamukong-Nyanga ◽  
Kitio Falone Linda ◽  
Signi Todjom Chysine Lucile ◽  
Demanou Teubow Dolly-Misper
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Severe Malaria ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Public ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference

Malaria and toxoplasmosis are two diseases caused by parasites of the same phylum (Apicomplexa). They have severe consequences on the health of pregnant women and their unborn babies. As such, they are of importance for the public health, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa and Cameroon. The aim of this study was to evaluate the severity of toxoplasmosis among malaria-positive pregnant women attending the Biyam-Assi District Hospital. It was a cross-sectional study that took place from May to November 2019 involving 232 pregnant women who voluntarily accepted to take part in the study. Demographic data was collected using structured questionnaires and blood was collectd by finger prick. Thick blood films were prepared for the detection of malaria and the Giemsa-stained slides were read microscopically. A drop of blood was used for the detection of toxoplasmosis using the  chromatographic cassette (Rapid Diagnostic Test) and the results were read after 15 minutes. The data obtained was analysed using SPSS version 24. The results showed that the prevalence of toxoplasmosis was 22.84 %. This prevalence didn’t depend on the trimester of pregnancy (P = 0. 08). The prevalence of malaria was 38.9%. No significant difference was observed for either the prevalence or severity of malaria over the three trimesters of pregnancy (p = 0.60 and p = 0.9 respectively). The prevalence of co-infection with malaria and toxoplasmosis was 9.05%. Women without toxoplasmosis were more prone to severe malaria (20.29 %) than their counterparts who had toxoplasmosis (4.78 %) and the difference between these two groups was statistically significant (p = 0.02). The severity of toxoplasmosis was not influenced by the presence of Plasmodium (p = 0. 20). It was concluded that the occurrence and severity of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women does not depend on their malaria serological status. However, the presence of severe malaria in pregnant women depends on their toxoplasmosis status. Indeed, women already infected with T. gondii are less susceptible to malaria than their counterparts who are negative for toxoplasmosis. These findings suggest that T. gondii in a person confers some form of reistance to infections with Plasmodium. It was recommended that the Public Health Ministry in Cameroon could include screening for toxoplasmosis among the routine test for pregnant women in order to improve on the health of mother and baby.

scholarly journals BAGAIMANA PERAWATAN KESEHATAN DAN DUKUNGAN KELUARGA DENGAN IBU HAMIL BERPERAN DALAM PEMANFAATAN PELAYANAN KESEHATAN VCT

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-112
Author(s):  
Ni Putu Wiwik Oktaviani ◽  
Ni Luh Putu Devhy ◽  
I Made Sudarma Adiputra ◽  
Dewa Ayu Putri Widiastuti
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Pregnant Woman ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Antenatal Care ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Family Support ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Family

Pendahuluan: AIDS adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh infeksi dengan virus yang disebut Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), yang dimana kasus HIV pada ibu rumah tangga menduduki peringkat kedua. Penularan melalui perinatal menyumbang 5,1%. Penularan tersebut dapat dicegah jika ibu hamil sejak dini diketahui statusnya dan mendapat pengobatan dengan tepat. Integrasi program pencegahan HIV dari ibu kebayi pada pelayanan antenatal care telah dilakukan, namun keikutsertaaan ibu hamil untuk VCT masih rendah. Dukungan keluarga sangat penting dalam mendukung keikutsertaaan ibu hamil untuk VCT. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran fungsi perawatan kesehatan dan dukungan keluarga dengan ibu hamil dalam pemanfaatan pelayanan kesehatan VCT. Metode: Desain penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan rancangan cross sectional. Studi dilakukan di Puskesmas I Susut, Bangli dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 93 reponden dengan teknik non-probabiliti sampling dengan purposive sampling. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan program komputerisasi dengan menggunakan analisis univariat. Hasil: Hasil menunjukan sebagian besar responden memiliki fungsi perawatan kesehatan tidak efektif 54,8% dan sebagian besar responden memiliki dukungan keluarga cukup 46,2%. Diskusi: Hasil penelitian ini dapat direkomendasikan diterapkan pada keluarga melalui peran kader kesehatan dan pihak puskesmas untuk meningkatkan kembali pelayanan kesehatan VCT terhadap Ibu hamil.   Kata Kunci : Perawatan Kesehatan, Dukungan Keluarga, Ibu Hamil   ABSTRACT Introduction: AIDS is a disease caused by infection with a virus called Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), and the number of women who infected with HIV has increased year by year. Through perinatal transmission contributed 5.1%. The transmission can be prevented if pregnant woman know their status and get treatment appropriately. Integration of maternal to infant HIV prevention programs on antenatal care hip services is done, but the participation of pregnant women for VCT is still low. The family supports are important to support adherence participation of pregnant women for VCT. Method: This research aimed to description of the function health care and family support with pregnant woman on utilization of VCT health services. This study of description with cross sectional design. Study was conducted at Puskesmas I Susut Bangli with 93 samples was taken by non-probability sampling with purposive sampling. Obtained data was processing SPSS and analyzing by univariate test. Result: Research of study showard most respondents have a not effective Function health care 54,8% and most respondents have a enough family support 46,2%. Discussion: The results of this study research can be recommended to be applied to the family and the health community center or clinics to improve again the health services VCT to wards pregnant women.   Keyword : Health care, Family support, Pregnant women

scholarly journals Screening of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) among Newly Diagnosed Tuberculosis Patients in Eastern Sudan

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
GADA MUSTAFA AHMED MUSTAFA ◽  
MUSTAFA ELTIGANI YASSIN ◽  
ASHWAG SHAMI ◽  
SAMAH ABDU RAHIM
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Eastern Sudan

Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of death in patients infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), and HIV infection is the most potent risk factor for the development of active TB disease from a latent TB infection. This study aims to determine the seroprevalence of HIV among newly diagnosed TB patients in Kassala state eastern Sudan. This was a descriptive, hospital-based, cross-sectional study of 251 active and newly diagnosed TB patients, selected by simple random sampling. Blood samples and demographic data were collected from each patient. TB was diagnosed by direct ZN smear and molecular detection by Xpert MTB/RIF. The serum samples were tested for HIV using 4th generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The prevalence of HIV was 13.9% (35/251), the infection rate among pulmonary TB was 17%, whereas that in extrapulmonary TB was 4.8%, the prevalence was (18.2%) in the males, and (7.2%) in the females. In conclusion: TB/HIV co-infection in the Eastern part of Sudan was high compared with the global prevalence, all TB patients should therefore be assessed for HIV risk factors and advised to undergo HIV testing.

scholarly journals Strong Impact of Smoking on Multimorbidity and Cardiovascular Risk Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Individuals in Comparison With the General Population

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Hasse ◽  
Philip E. Tarr ◽  
Pedro Marques-Vidal ◽  
Gerard Waeber ◽  
Martin Preisig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
General Population ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Poisson Regression ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Negative

Abstract Background.  Although acquired immune deficiency syndrome-associated morbidity has diminished due to excellent viral control, multimorbidity may be increasing among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons compared with the general population. Methods.  We assessed the prevalence of comorbidities and multimorbidity in participants of the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS) compared with the population-based CoLaus study and the primary care-based FIRE (Family Medicine ICPC-Research using Electronic Medical Records) records. The incidence of the respective endpoints were assessed among SHCS and CoLaus participants. Poisson regression models were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, and smoking. Results.  Overall, 74 291 participants contributed data to prevalence analyses (3230 HIV-infected; 71 061 controls). In CoLaus, FIRE, and SHCS, multimorbidity was present among 26%, 13%, and 27% of participants. Compared with nonsmoking individuals from CoLaus, the incidence of cardiovascular disease was elevated among smoking individuals but independent of HIV status (HIV-negative smoking: incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2–2.5; HIV-positive smoking: IRR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.1–2.6; HIV-positive nonsmoking: IRR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.44–1.4). Compared with nonsmoking HIV-negative persons, multivariable Poisson regression ide.jpegied associations of HIV infection with hypertension (nonsmoking: IRR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.5–2.4; smoking: IRR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.6–2.4), kidney (nonsmoking: IRR = 2.7, 95% CI = 1.9–3.8; smoking: IRR = 2.6, 95% CI = 1.9–3.6), and liver disease (nonsmoking: IRR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.4–2.4; smoking: IRR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.4–2.2). No evidence was found for an association of HIV-infection or smoking with diabetes mellitus. Conclusions.  Multimorbidity is more prevalent and incident in HIV-positive compared with HIV-negative individuals. Smoking, but not HIV status, has a strong impact on cardiovascular risk and multimorbidity.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis among Human Immunodeficiency Virus infected pregnant women in Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 170-175
Author(s):  
Maryam Muhammad Zakari ◽  
◽  
Aliyu Yabagi Isah ◽  
Richards Offiong ◽  
Thairu Yunusa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sociodemographic Variables ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Seropositive

Introduction. Toxoplasmosis is a neglected parasitic infection that has economic and epidemiological significance. Data on toxoplasmosis seroprevalence among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infected pregnant women may be of obstetric and neonatal concern. Aim. The study was designed to determine the seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis and associated risk factors in HIV-positive pregnant women attending the University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Northcentral Nigeria. Material and methods. This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study. A total of 160 HIV seropositive pregnant women were recruited. Blood samples were collected and tested for anti-T. gondii IgM and IgG using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Structured questionnaires were used to collate the sociodemographic variables of participants. Results. Out of the 160 of HIV seropositive pregnant women, the seroprevalence anti-T. gondii IgG and IgM were 29.4% and 4.4%, respectively. There was no significant association between anti-T. gondii and all sociodemographic variables studied (p>0.05). Conclusion. The overall result of this study revealed that the majority of pregnant women were exposed to toxoplasmosis much earlier in life. Hence, these findings will assist obstetricians and gynecologists in the early diagnosis and management of Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women, especially HIV coinfected ones with IgM seropositivity.

scholarly journals Human Immunodeficiency Virus as a Sexually Transmitted Disease: Manitoba’s HIV Unlinked Seroprevalence Study

1992 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 295-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laila Sekla ◽  
Gregory Hammond ◽  
Robert Tate ◽  
Walter Stackiw ◽  
Gudrun Eibisch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Injection Drug Users ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Ethical Guidelines ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Seroprevalence Study ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Objective: To determine the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infections.Design: An unlinked seroprevalence study on all ‘left over’ blood submitted for syphilis testing during three consecutive six month periods (April 1, 1990 to September 30, 1991). After the capture of demographic data, sera to be tested for antibodies were stripped of all personal identifiers and assigned a random number. The study fulfilled Canadian ethical guidelines.Participants: Persons with a valid Manitoba Health Services Commission number were included only once in a study year. Persons were enrolled into one of five categories: infants, injection drug users, pregnant women, persons investigated for sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and routine testing.Results: Of the 50,929 persons tested. 133 (0.26%) were positive, a low prevalence of HIV infections. A significant increase in positivity was noticed in the second study period. While 77.7% of those tested were women, only 10 (0.025%) were positive for HIV. The rate of positivity for pregnant women was 0.72 per 10,000 tested. Of the 11,314 males tested. 123 (1.08%) had antibodies. Most of the positives were males in the STD category residing in Winnipeg; for them, the rate of positivity increased by middle age, while the rate of testing decreased with each decade of age (from age 15 to 44 years).Discussion/Recommendation: This is the first report from a sentinel laboratory in Canada of an unlinked seroprevalence study in persons with STD. Results suggest an urgent need to target strategies for the control of HIV for persons with STD, particularly males in urban centres, by routine HIV testing for STD patients.

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