Lennox–Gastaut Syndrome: A Prospective Follow-up Study

ABSTRACT Objectives: Lennox–Gastaut syndrome is a catastrophic epileptic encephalopathy. In Lennox–Gastaut syndrome, seizures are resistant to pharmacological treatment. In this prospective study, we evaluated the clinical features, neuroimaging, and response to treatment. Materials and Methods: Forty-three consecutive newly diagnosed patients of Lennox–Gastaut syndrome were enrolled in the study. Baseline clinical assessment included seizure semiology, seizure frequency, electroencephalography, and neuroimaging. Patients were treated with combinations of preferred antiepileptic drugs (sodium valproate [VPA], clobazam [CLB], levetiracetam [LVT], lamotrigine [LMT], and topiramate [TPM]). Patients were followed for 6 months. The outcome was assessed using modified Barthel index. Results: Tonic and generalized tonic-clonic forms were the most common seizures types. Features suggestive of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (37.2%) were most frequent neuroimaging abnormality. Neuroimaging was normal in 32.6% of patients. With a combination valproic acid (VPA), CLB, and LVT, in 81.4% of patients, we were able to achieve >50% reduction in seizure frequency. Eleven (25.58%) patients showed an improvement in the baseline disability status. Conclusions: A combination of VPA, CLB, and LVT is an appropriate treatment regimen for patients with Lennox–Gastaut syndrome.

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Response to Treatment of Alcoholism; a Follow-Up Study

Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol ◽

10.15288/qjsa.1968.29.364 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 364-381 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Alex D. Pokorny ◽

Byron A. Miller ◽

Sidney E. Cleveland

Keyword(s):

Response To Treatment ◽

Follow Up Study

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Neurological Evaluation of Patients with Newly Diagnosed Coeliac Disease Presenting to Gastroenterologists: A 7-Year Follow-Up Study

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13061846 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 1846

Author(s):

Marios Hadjivassiliou ◽

Iain D. Croall ◽

Richard A. Grünewald ◽

Nick Trott ◽

David S. Sanders ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Coeliac Disease ◽

Brain Imaging ◽

Cerebellar Atrophy ◽

Neurological Dysfunction ◽

Close Monitoring ◽

Newly Diagnosed ◽

Positive Serology ◽

Original Cohort ◽

Follow Up Study

We have previously shown that 67% of patients with newly diagnosed coeliac disease (CD) presenting to gastroenterologists have evidence of neurological dysfunction. This manifested with headache and loss of co-ordination. Furthermore 60% of these patients had abnormal brain imaging. In this follow-up study, we re-examined and re-scanned 30 patients from the original cohort of 100, seven years later. There was significant reduction in the prevalence of headaches (47% to 20%) but an increase in the prevalence of incoordination (27% to 47%). Although those patients with coordination problems at baseline reported improvement on the gluten free diet (GFD), there were 7 patients reporting incoordination not present at baseline. All 7 patients had positive serology for one or more gluten-sensitivity related antibodies at follow-up. In total, 50% of the whole follow-up cohort were positive for one or more gluten-related antibodies. A comparison between the baseline and follow-up brain imaging showed a greater rate of cerebellar grey matter atrophy in the antibody positive group compared to the antibody negative group. Patients with CD who do not adhere to a strict GFD and are serological positive are at risk of developing ataxia, and have a significantly higher rate of cerebellar atrophy when compared to patients with negative serology. This highlights the importance of regular review and close monitoring.

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Japan Scar Workshop (JSW) Scar Scale (JSS) for Assessing Keloids and Hypertrophic Scars

Textbook on Scar Management ◽

10.1007/978-3-030-44766-3_15 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 133-140

Author(s):

Rei Ogawa

Keyword(s):

Hypertrophic Scar ◽

Assessment Tool ◽

Treatment Method ◽

Response To Therapy ◽

Assessment Scale ◽

Response To Treatment ◽

Hypertrophic Scars ◽

Scar Assessment ◽

Appropriate Treatment

AbstractThe Vancouver scar scale, the Manchester scar scale, and the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS) are all very well-known scar evaluation methods. These tools are based on a number of scar variables, including color, height, and pliability. However, since all were mainly developed to evaluate burn scars, they are difficult to use in clinical practice for keloids and hypertrophic scars. This is because these pathological scars require both differential diagnosis and a way to evaluate their response to therapy. The Japan Scar Workshop (JSW) has sought to develop a scar assessment scale that meets these clinical needs. The first version of this scar assessment tool was named the JSW scar scale (JSS), and it was reported in 2011. In 2015, the revised second version was reported. The JSS consists of two tables. One is a scar classification table that is used to determine whether the scar is a normal mature scar, a hypertrophic scar, or a keloid. This grading system helps the user to select the most appropriate treatment method for the scar. The other table in the JSS is an evaluation table that is used to judge the response to treatment and for follow-up. Both tables contain sample images of each subjective keloid/hypertrophic scar item that allow the user to evaluate each item without hesitation.

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Cognitive profile, psychopathological symptoms, and quality of life in newly diagnosed pediatric epilepsy: A six-month, naturalistic follow-up study

Epilepsy Research ◽

10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2021.106844 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 106844

Author(s):

Željka Rogač ◽

Dejan Stevanović ◽

Sara Bečanović ◽

Ljubica Božić ◽

Aleksandar Dimitrijević ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Cognitive Profile ◽

Pediatric Epilepsy ◽

Newly Diagnosed ◽

Psychopathological Symptoms ◽

Follow Up Study

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A Follow-up Study of Psychiatric Disturbance in a Cape Coloured Community

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.123.3.279 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 123 (574) ◽

pp. 279-283 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

L. S. Gillis ◽

G. L. Stone

Keyword(s):

Mental Disorders ◽

Natural History ◽

Psychiatric Disorders ◽

Longitudinal Studies ◽

Response To Treatment ◽

Psychiatric Disturbance ◽

Follow Up Study ◽

History Of

Longitudinal studies of psychiatric disturbance in communities are important in order to determine the natural history of mental disorders. Most studies have focused on the prevalence of known psychiatric disorders and response to treatment, but only a few on the follow up of a population not previously recognized as psychiatrically ill (Beiser (1), Hagnell (5), Helgason (6), Myers and Bean (10)). The present study is an attempt to do this, and also to follow up untreated disorder within a community.

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EFFECTS OF PSYCHOTROPICS ON NEUTROPHIL-LYMPHOCYTE RATIO IN PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2019.v12i6.33251 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 210-213

Author(s):

RAJESH VENKATARAMAN ◽

MUHAMMED RASHID ◽

AKHILA G ◽

SHIJO DANIEL ◽

AMALATHOMAS

Keyword(s):

Bipolar Disorder ◽

Complete Blood Count ◽

Drug Effect ◽

Psychiatric Patients ◽

Newly Diagnosed ◽

Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio ◽

Lymphocyte Ratio ◽

Follow Up Study ◽

Before And After

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate whether psychotropic has any effect on neutrophils and lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in psychiatric patients. Methods: In this hospital-based prospective quasi-randomized follow-up study, we analyzed every 10 patients with newly diagnosed with depression, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder for complete blood count before and after treatment with the selected psychotropic. Results: There was a significant increase in NLR of patients with depression after treatment with psychotropic (p=0.001), also in schizophrenia, there was a slight increase in NLR of patients after treatment with psychotropic (p=0.005), but in bipolar disorder, there was a significant decrease in NLR of patients after treatment with psychotropic (p=0.002). Conclusion: The present study confirmed that psychotropics have a statistically significant effect on the increase in NLR in patients with depression, a slight increase in patients with schizophrenia, and a decrease in patients with bipolar disorder. Further studies are needed for a better understanding of the mechanism of psychotropic drug effect on NLR.

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