scholarly journals CellBlockistry: Chemistry and art of cell-block making – A detailed review of various historical options with recent advances

CytoJournal ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinod B Shidham
Keyword(s):  
Ffpe Tissue ◽  
Cell Block ◽  
Molecular Tests ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Pattern Approach ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded ◽  
Technical Advances ◽  
Ancillary Studies ◽  
Formalin Fixed

Cell-blocks are paraffin-embedded versions of cytology specimens comparable to the formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue from surgical pathology specimens. They allow various elective ancillary studies on a variety of specimens with enhanced cytopathologic interpretation, including opportunity to perform molecular tests. However, different dictionaries and internet search engines primarily project “cellblock” and “cell block” definition in relation to prisons. Most of the top searches lead to information related to “prison cells” followed by a few cytopathology-related searches. Due to this in the current review, it is recommended that the word for cytopathology purposes should be hyphenated and spelled as “cell-block.” Cell-blocks have been increasingly indicated on most cytology specimens. Its role is growing further with the ongoing addition of new immunohistochemistry (IHC) markers with technical advances including multicolor IHC and the SCIP (subtractive coordinate immunoreactivity pattern) approach. In addition, it is an important source of tissue for many ancillary studies even as archived material retrospectively at later stage of management if the cell-blocks are improved qualitatively and quantitatively. Because of this, the significance of cell-block is critical with the increasing number of molecular markers standardized predominantly on FFPE tissue. As compared to core biopsies, high-quality cell-blocks prepared with enhanced methodologies predominantly contain concentrated diagnostic tumor cells required for the molecular tests without significant stromal contamination. This review introduces the terminology of CellBlockistry as the science of studying chemistry and the art of achieving quantitatively and qualitatively improved cell-blocks from different types of specimens. The review addresses the cell-block making process as “cell-blocking” and discusses different historical limitations with emphasis on recent advances.

scholarly journals Cell-blocks and immunohistochemistry

CytoJournal ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinod B. Shidham ◽  
Lester J. Layfield
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Surgical Pathology ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Cell Block ◽  
Tissue Sections ◽  
Pattern Approach ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded ◽  
Technical Advances ◽  
Recent Addition

The interpretation of results on immunostained cell-block sections has to be compared with the cumulative published data derived predominantly from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections. Because of this, it is important to recognize that the fixation and processing protocol should not be different from the routinely processed FFPE surgical pathology tissue. Exposure to non-formalin fixatives or reagents may interfere with the diagnostic immunoreactivity pattern. The immunoprofile observed on such cell-blocks, which are not processed in a manner similar to the surgical pathology specimens, may not be representative resulting in aberrant results. The field of immunohistochemistry (IHC) is advancing continuously with the standardization of many immunomarkers. A variety of technical advances such as multiplex IHC with refined methodologies and automation is increasing its role in clinical applications. The recent addition of rabbit monoclonal antibodies has further improved sensitivity. As compared to the mouse monoclonal antibodies, the rabbit monoclonal antibodies have 10 to 100 fold higher antigen affinity. Most of the scenarios involve the evaluation of coordinate immunostaining patterns in cell-blocks with relatively scant diagnostic material without proper orientation which is usually retained in most of the surgical pathology specimens. These challenges are addressed if cell-blocks are prepared with some dedicated methodologies such as NextGen CelBloking™ (NGCB) kits. Cell-blocks prepared by NGCB kits also facilitate the easy application of the SCIP (subtractive coordinate immunoreactivity pattern) approach for proper evaluation of coordinate immunoreactivity. Various cell-block and IHC-related issues are discussed in detail.

Validation of PD-L1 Immunohistochemical Testing on Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded (FFPE) Cell Block (CB) Preparations

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. S53-S54
Author(s):  
Priyanka Karam ◽  
Yonah Ziemba ◽  
Sean Hacking ◽  
Karen Chau ◽  
Suganthi Soundararajan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Block ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded ◽  
Formalin Fixed ◽  
Immunohistochemical Testing

scholarly journals The Dutch National TissueArchive Portal enables efficient, consistent, and transparent procurement of diagnostic tissue samples for scientific use

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Verjans ◽  
Annette H. Bruggink ◽  
Robby Kibbelaar ◽  
Jos Bart ◽  
Aletta Debernardi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Tissue Sample ◽  
Ffpe Tissue ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Internet Portal ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin ◽  
Practical Support ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Formalin Fixed

AbstractBiobanks play a crucial role in enabling biomedical research by facilitating scientific use of valuable human biomaterials. The PALGA foundation—a nationwide network and registry of histo- and cytopathology in the Netherlands—was established to promote the provision of data within and between pathology departments, and to make the resulting knowledge available for healthcare. Apart from the pathology data, we aimed to utilize PALGA’s nationwide network to find and access the rich wealth of Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) tissue samples for scientific use.  We implemented the Dutch National TissueArchive Portal (DNTP) to utilize PALGA’s nationwide network for requesting FFPE tissue samples. The DNTP consists of (1) a centrally organized internet portal to improve the assessing, processing, harmonization, and monitoring of the procurement process, while (2) dedicated HUB-employees provide practical support at peripheral pathology departments. Since incorporation of the DNTP, both the number of filed requests for FFPE tissue samples and the amount of HUB-mediated support increased 55 and 29% respectively. In line, the sample procurement duration time decreased significantly (− 47%). These findings indicate that implementation of the DNTP improved the frequency, efficiency, and transparency of FFPE tissue sample procurement for research in the Netherlands. To conclude, the need for biological resources is growing persistently to enable precision medicine. Here, we access PALGA’s national, pathology network by implementation of the DNTP to allow for efficient, consistent, and transparent exchange of FFPE tissue samples for research across the Netherlands.

scholarly journals Discrimination of Aspergillosis, Mucormycosis, Fusariosis, and Scedosporiosis in Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissue Specimens by Use of Multiple Real-Time Quantitative PCR Assays

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (11) ◽  
pp. 2798-2803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elham Salehi ◽  
Mohammad T. Hedayati ◽  
Jan Zoll ◽  
Haleh Rafati ◽  
Maryam Ghasemi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Ffpe Tissue ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Real Time Quantitative Pcr ◽  
Tissue Sections ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded ◽  
Tissue Specimens ◽  
Formalin Fixed

In a retrospective multicenter study, 102 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue specimens with histopathology results were tested. Two 4- to 5-μm FFPE tissue sections from each specimen were digested with proteinase K, followed by automated nucleic acid extraction. Multiple real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays targeting the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region of ribosomal DNA, using fluorescently labeled primers, was performed to identify clinically important genera and species of Aspergillus , Fusarium , Scedosporium , and the Mucormycetes . The molecular identification was correlated with results from histological examination. One of the main findings of our study was the high sensitivity of the automated DNA extraction method, which was estimated to be 94%. The qPCR procedure that was evaluated identified a range of fungal genera/species, including Aspergillus fumigatus , Aspergillus flavus , Aspergillus terreus , Aspergillus niger , Fusarium oxysporum , Fusarium solani , Scedosporium apiospermum , Rhizopus oryzae , Rhizopus microsporus , Mucor spp., and Syncephalastrum . Fusarium oxysporum and F. solani DNA was amplified from five specimens from patients initially diagnosed by histopathology as having aspergillosis. Aspergillus flavus , S. apiospermum , and Syncephalastrum were detected from histopathological mucormycosis samples. In addition, examination of four samples from patients suspected of having concomitant aspergillosis and mucormycosis infections resulted in the identification of two A. flavus isolates, one Mucor isolate, and only one sample having both R. oryzae and A. flavus . Our results indicate that histopathological features of molds may be easily confused in tissue sections. The qPCR assay used in this study is a reliable tool for the rapid and accurate identification of fungal pathogens to the genus and species levels directly from FFPE tissues.

scholarly journals Incorporation of Cervista Human Papillomavirus 16/18 Assay Into Algorithms for Classifying Human Papillomavirus Status in Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Head and Neck Squamous Carcinoma Specimens

2018 ◽  
Vol 143 (3) ◽  
pp. 356-361
Author(s):  
Ming Guo ◽  
Abha Khanna ◽  
Jianping Wang ◽  
Michelle D. Williams ◽  
Neda Kalhor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
Ffpe Tissue ◽  
Hpv 16 ◽  
Hpv Dna ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin ◽  
Hpv Status ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded ◽  
Hpv Assays ◽  
Formalin Fixed

Context.— Human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in situ hybridization (ISH) assay and p16 immunohistochemistry (IHC) are used to determine high-risk HPV status in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Although high sensitivity and specificity for HPV can be obtained by combined p16 IHC and HPV DNA ISH, the occasional discrepancy between these assays has prompted evaluation of Cervista HPV assays in FFPE tissue from patients with oropharyngeal SCC. Objective.— To compare the efficacy of Cervista HPV 16/18 and Cervista HPV HR assay to that of HPV DNA ISH assay and p16 IHC in FFPE tissue in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma of oropharyngeal origin. Design.— Archived FFPE tissue from 84 patients with SCC of oropharyngeal origin and available HPV DNA ISH and p16 IHC test results were tested with the Cervista HPV 16/18 assay and further verified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–based HPV16/18 genotyping tests in cases with discrepancy. Results.— Of the 84 specimens, 75% (63 of 84) were positive and 16% (13 of 84) had discrepant or equivocal findings by p16 IHC and HPV DNA ISH testing. Use of Cervista HPV assays, either to clarify discrepant/equivocal findings or as confirmation after initial p16 IHC/HPV DNA ISH tests, identified 81% (68 of 84) of HPV-positive cases without equivocal HPV results. Five of 13 cases with discrepancy or equivocal HPV DNA ISH results tested positive for HPV16 or HPV18 by Cervista HPV 16/18 assay, which was further confirmed by PCR-based HPV 16/18 genotyping. Conclusions.— The Cervista HPV assays are a reasonable alternative to HPV DNA ISH in determining HPV status in FFPE tissue specimens from patients with oropharyngeal SCC.

Cystic Neutrophilic Granulomatous Mastitis: A Clinicopathological Study With 16s rRNA Sequencing for the Detection of Corynebacteria in Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissue

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 371-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madhavi A. Naik ◽  
Aruna Korlimarla ◽  
Smrithi T. Shetty ◽  
Anisha M. Fernandes ◽  
Sanjay A. Pai
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
Ffpe Tissue ◽  
16S Rrna Sequencing ◽  
Granulomatous Mastitis ◽  
Prolonged Incubation ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin ◽  
Corynebacterium Species ◽  
Rrna Sequencing ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded ◽  
Formalin Fixed

Cystic neutrophilic granulomatous mastitis (CNGM) is a histologically characterized variant of granulomatous lobular mastitis that is associated with lipophilic Corynebacterium species. It remains a largely underrecognized entity in India. Our aim was to study CNGM in the Asian Indian population and explore if 16s rRNA sequencing could be used on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue to identify the causative organism. We studied 24 cases with histological features of CNGM with hematoxylin and eosin, Gram, Ziehl-Neelsen, and Periodic acid–Schiff stains. Tuberculosis-polymerase chain reaction and 16s rRNA gene sequencing on DNA extracted from FFPE was attempted (N = 23). Gram-positive bacilli were seen in 20/24 cases. Routine culture with prolonged incubation yielded Corynebacterium species in 8 cases; 7 of these cases were evaluated by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for species identification. C matruchotti was identified in one case by BD Phoenix. MALDI-TOF MS identified the remaining 7 cases as C kroppenstedtii (N = 4) and C tuberculostearicum (N = 2), with no identification in one. Corynebacteria were identified by 16s rRNA sequencing on DNA extracted from FFPE in 12/23 cases using a primer targeting the V5-V6 region that was found to be more conserved in Corynebacterium species. All cases were negative for the diagnosis of tuberculosis. CNGM can be identified by routine stains. Culture using routine media with prolonged incubation is often adequate to isolate the organism. 16s rRNA sequencing on DNA extracted from FFPE tissue can help make an etiological diagnosis in some cases where only paraffin blocks are available.

scholarly journals Deciphering the Immune Microenvironment on A Single Archival Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissue Section by An Immediately Implementable Multiplex Fluorescence Immunostaining Protocol

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrien Guillot ◽  
Marlene S. Kohlhepp ◽  
Alix Bruneau ◽  
Felix Heymann ◽  
Frank Tacke
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cell ◽  
Simple Procedure ◽  
Parenchymal Cell ◽  
Ffpe Tissue ◽  
Immune Microenvironment ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Tissue Organization ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded ◽  
Formalin Fixed

Technological breakthroughs have fundamentally changed our understanding on the complexity of the tumor microenvironment at the single-cell level. Characterizing the immune cell composition in relation to spatial distribution and histological changes may provide important diagnostic and therapeutic information. Immunostaining on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples represents a widespread and simple procedure, allowing the visualization of cellular distribution and processes, on preserved tissue structure. Recent advances in microscopy and molecular biology have made multiplexing accessible, yet technically challenging. We herein describe a novel, simple and cost-effective method for a reproducible and highly flexible multiplex immunostaining on archived FFPE tissue samples, which we optimized for solid organs (e.g., liver, intestine, lung, kidney) from mice and humans. Our protocol requires limited specific equipment and reagents, making multiplexing (>12 antibodies) immediately implementable to any histology laboratory routinely performing immunostaining. Using this method on single sections and combining it with automated whole-slide image analysis, we characterize the hepatic immune microenvironment in preclinical mouse models of liver fibrosis, steatohepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and on human-patient samples with chronic liver diseases. The data provide useful insights into tissue organization and immune–parenchymal cell-to-cell interactions. It also highlights the profound macrophage heterogeneity in liver across premalignant conditions and HCC.

Improved Detection ofHelicobacter pyloriDNA in Formalin-fixed Paraffin-embedded (FFPE) Tissue of Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Using Laser Capture Microdissection (LCM)

Helicobacter ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 244-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Maria Afonso Rabelo-Gonçalves ◽  
Ilária C. Sgardioli ◽  
Iscia Lopes-Cendes ◽  
Cecília Amélia Fazzio Escanhoela ◽  
Jazon Romilson de Souza Almeida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Laser Capture Microdissection ◽  
Ffpe Tissue ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded ◽  
Laser Capture ◽  
Formalin Fixed

scholarly journals HYPERsol: flash-frozen results from archival FFPE tissue for clinical proteomics

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dylan M. Marchione ◽  
Ilyana Ilieva ◽  
Benjamin A. Garcia ◽  
Darryl J. Pappin ◽  
John P. Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Extraction ◽  
Ffpe Tissue ◽  
Clinical Proteomics ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Proteome Coverage ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin ◽  
Ffpe Samples ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded ◽  
Proteomics Research ◽  
Formalin Fixed

Massive formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue archives exist worldwide, representing a potential gold mine for clinical proteomics research. However, current protocols for FFPE proteomics lack standardization, efficiency, reproducibility, and scalability. Here we present High-Yield Protein Extraction and Recovery by direct SOLubilization (HYPERsol), an optimized workflow using adaptive-focused acoustics (AFA) ultrasonication and S-Trap sample processing that enables proteome coverage and quantification from FFPE samples comparable to that achieved from flash-frozen tissue (average R = 0.936).

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