Cartagena, Agreement of, 1969 (Andean Pact)

Recognition of the economic power of multinational corporations has stimulated speculation about the development of international political structures to regulate this power. A major difficulty in assuming that corporate expansion throughout the world will give rise to political phenomena of similar scope lies in the difference between international power based on corporate growth and international power based on the cooperation of nation-states. Whereas the economic internationalism of corporations is in general an expansion of power which has well-defined historical foundations in ideology and organization, the task of developing international political associations with power to enforce policy within a number of states entails at least a partial redefinition of traditional bases of political sovereignty. The former is growth of existing power; the latter is creation of a new form of power. There is no obviously necessary development from one to the other.

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The Andean Community

The Rise of International Parliaments ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198864974.003.0009 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 137-155

Author(s):

Frank Schimmelfennig ◽

Thomas Winzen ◽

Tobias Lenz ◽

Jofre Rocabert ◽

Loriana Crasnic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

General Purpose ◽

Reform Process ◽

Institutional Entrepreneurship ◽

Andean Region ◽

The Creation ◽

Andean Pact ◽

Andean Community

This chapter analyses international parliamentarization in the Andean region. Andean integration has seen, first, the creation of the Andean Pact without an international parliamentary institution (IPI) in 1969, followed by the establishment of the Andean Parliament in 1979 and a slight IPI empowerment in conjunction with the foundation of the Andean Community in 1996. The Andean Parliament was created in the context of democratization in the region and a shift of the Andean Pact from a task-specific to a general-purpose organization. Whereas the conditions of parliamentarization continued to be favourable during the reform process leading to the Andean Community, none of them improved strongly enough to give a boost to parliamentary empowerment. Rather, institutional entrepreneurship was able to secure modest authority gains.

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Grupo Andino and its Documents

International Journal of Legal Information ◽

10.1017/s0731126500021892 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 83-100

Author(s):

Igor I. Kavass

Keyword(s):

Foreign Trade ◽

Economic Integration ◽

Investment Policy ◽

Common Market ◽

The Other ◽

Mountain Range ◽

South American ◽

Andean Pact ◽

Trade And Investment

The Grupo Andino (also known as the Andean Common Market (or ANCOM), Acuerdo de Cartagena, and the Andean Pact) is an organization for the economic integration of the five South American countries located in the central and northern parts of the massive Andean mountain range. The present members of the organization are Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela. Originally, when the Grupo Andino was established by means of a treaty known as the Cartagena Agreement (Acuerdo de Cartagena) in 1969, Chile was one of the founding members, whereas Venezuela abstained from joining the organization until 1973. As Chile began to develop a more flexible foreign trade and investment policy in the middle 1970's than was acceptable to the other Grupo Andino countries, it gradually withdrew from the organization's activities, and finally ceased to be a member in late 1976.

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The Andean Pact and State Capitalism in Colombia

Latin American Perspectives ◽

10.1177/0094582x7500200303 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 19-35 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Raúl A. Fernández ◽

José F. Ocampo

Keyword(s):

State Capitalism ◽

Andean Pact

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Andean Pact: Official Codified Text of the Cartagena Agreement Incorporating the Quito Protocol

International Legal Materials ◽

10.1017/s002078290002266x ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 28 (5) ◽

pp. 1165-1211

Keyword(s):

Andean Pact

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The European Union and the Transformation of the Andean Pact into the Andean Community : From the Trujillo Protocol to the Sucre Act

EU Law and Integration : Twenty Years of Judicial Application of EU Law ◽

10.5040/9781474201445.ch-015 ◽

2014 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

The European Union ◽

Andean Pact ◽

Andean Community

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National political support for regional integration: the Andean Pact

International Organization ◽

10.1017/s0020818300000679 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 83-104 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Elizabeth G. Ferris

Keyword(s):

Economic Development ◽

Foreign Policy ◽

Regional Integration ◽

Political Support ◽

Integration Scheme ◽

National Interests ◽

Empirical Level ◽

Development Goals ◽

Andean Pact ◽

Type Of Behavior

Little work has been done—on either a conceptual or an empirical level—in assessing the way in which national political support operates in the context of the regional integration scheme. The purpose of this study is to describe and explain patterns of national support for one regional integration scheme, the Andean Pact. It is suggested here that foreign policy behavior toward a regional integration scheme is not a simple, unidimensional type of behavior, but rather is a complex set of activities and attitudes directed toward specific programs of the regional integration scheme in the pursuit of specific economic development goals and limited by the constraints of resources. The policies of member governments toward the Andean Pact are clearly designed to satisfy national goals and needs. Although some governments have been willing to acquiesce in certain areas of national interest on occasion, by and large the Andean Pact members have consistently sought to further national interests through support of the Andean Pact as a whole.

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