Grupo Andino and its Documents

1988 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-100
Author(s):  
Igor I. Kavass
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Investment Policy ◽  
Common Market ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
South American ◽  
Andean Pact ◽  
Trade And Investment

The Grupo Andino (also known as the Andean Common Market (or ANCOM), Acuerdo de Cartagena, and the Andean Pact) is an organization for the economic integration of the five South American countries located in the central and northern parts of the massive Andean mountain range. The present members of the organization are Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela. Originally, when the Grupo Andino was established by means of a treaty known as the Cartagena Agreement (Acuerdo de Cartagena) in 1969, Chile was one of the founding members, whereas Venezuela abstained from joining the organization until 1973. As Chile began to develop a more flexible foreign trade and investment policy in the middle 1970's than was acceptable to the other Grupo Andino countries, it gradually withdrew from the organization's activities, and finally ceased to be a member in late 1976.

The TTIP and the SCO in the Light of the Success Conditions for Economic Integration

2015 ◽  
pp. 274-295
Author(s):  
Engin Sorhun
Keyword(s):  
Economic Integration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Contribution ◽  
Human History ◽  
Shanghai Cooperation Organization ◽  
Transatlantic Trade ◽  
The One ◽  
Economic Bloc ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Trade And Investment

The last global economic crisis has prompted new dynamics in the scope of economic integration: On the one hand, the Transatlantic economy witnessed the formation of the largest economic integration in the human history: the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP). On the other hand, Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) recently adopted the economic vision for initiating an economic integration. Since both integration projects were recently launched, this chapter is intended to make a small contribution to the limited scientific resources available to policymakers, academicians, NGOs, etc. In this respect, this chapter first presents a set of political, economic, institutional, and natural conditions suggested in the principal economic integration literature for the success of a regional economic bloc. Second, it aims at evaluating the TTIP and the SCO in the light of these success conditions.

scholarly journals Occurrence and Abundance of an Apex Predator and a Sympatric Mesopredator in Rural Areas of the Coastal Range of Southern Chile

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Fernando García-Solís ◽  
Jaime R. Rau ◽  
Edwin J. Niklitschek
Keyword(s):  
Puma Concolor ◽  
Prey Availability ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
South American ◽  
Human Intervention ◽  
Apex Predator ◽  
Southern Chile ◽  
Relevant Effect ◽  
Coastal Range

The two mammalian carnivores, puma (Puma concolor) and South American grey fox (Lycalopex griseus) were studied, in a remote area located in the humid temperate forest of the coastal range of southern Chile. A total of six locations were selected in three landscapes: pre-mountain range, mountain range, and coast. The chosen study locations are relevant because they correspond to threatened areas with different levels of human intervention., so they offer the ideal setting for studying how different species of carnivores respond to both human presence and activities. A dataset was collected for 24 months during 2016–2018 through photo-trapping (13 camera traps placed along 50 photo-trap stations). Wes estimated the apparent occurrence and relative abundance index (RAI) of the fauna registered, by means of generalized linear models to contrast those of an apex predator, such as the puma and a sympatric mesopredator, the South American grey fox, across the three landscapes. The ecological variables assessed were the RAI of the other carnivore considered, exotic carnivores such as dogs and cats, human intervention, farmland effect, prey availability, and habitat quality. The primary hypothesis was that the apparent occurrence and RAI of puma and fox would be positively associated with the RAI of prey and livestock and negatively with human intervention. On the other hand, the secondary hypothesis dealt with the interactions between puma and fox faced with different degrees of human intervention. The results showed that the apparent occurrence of the puma was statistically explained by location only, and it was highest at the mountain range. The apparent occurrence of foxes was explained by both puma apparent occurrence and relative integrated anthropization index (INRA), being highest in the pre-mountain range. Concerning the RAI of pumas, high values were yielded by location and fox RAI. For the RAI of foxes, they were location, puma RAI, and INRA. It can be suggested that eucalyptus plantations from the pre-mountain range could offer an adequate habitat for the puma and the fox, but not the coastal range, as the mountain range could be acting as a biological barrier. Due to the nature of the data, it was not possible to detect any relevant effect between the two carnivores’ considered, between their respective preys, or the very abundant presence of dogs.

Brazil-Mercosur trade and investment ties may pick up

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Recovery ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Trade And Investment

Subject The outlook for Mercosur trade relations. Significance Brazil plays a central role in regional economic integration, particularly through its influence over the other Mercosur founding members, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay. However, trade and investment relations experienced a period of slowdown until recently. Bilateral relations with Argentina remain important, accounting for more than three-quarters of Brazil’s trade flows within Mercosur, despite three years of low Brazilian investments in its neighbour. Impacts Brazil’s economic recovery will be central to boosting regional dynamism within Mercosur members. Brazil can further explore its potential as a hub for other partners in Latin America. Stronger integration between Latin American economies may facilitate relations with potential investors in the region.

scholarly journals Japanese imports of Brazilian raw cotton in the second half of the 1930s: the beginning of significant Japanese-Brazilian trade and investment relations

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Henri Delanghe
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Final Section ◽  
The Other ◽  
Strategic Framework ◽  
Historical Reality ◽  
Trade And Investment

The kind of evidences offered in this paper to support the argument is in the first place quantitative. Sections one and two provide simple quantitative overviews of Japan's foreign trade in 1928 and 1934. The other sections are more qualitative. A third section, for instance, explains the reality behind the 1934 foreign trade figures. It shows that, in 1934, Japan was a country under tremendous export pressure. A following section explains which strategies Japan adopted to deal with this export pressure. A final section explains how Brazil fitted into this strategic framework. It must be emphasized that this paper is on how trade with Brazil met Japanese foreign trade objectives. It is not about how trade with Japan met Brazilian foreign trade objectives. This paper also does not provide details on Brazil's growth as a producer of raw cotton. This is already a well documented historical reality. 

Russian Protectionism: Problems of Institutional Heritage

2012 ◽  
pp. 96-114
Author(s):  
L. Tsedilin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
The State ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
State Monopoly ◽  
The Times ◽  
Soviet Experience

The article analyzes the pre-revolutionary and the Soviet experience of the protectionist policies. Special attention is paid to the external economic policy during the times of NEP (New Economic Policy), socialist industrialization and the years of 1970-1980s. The results of the state monopoly on foreign trade and currency transactions in the Soviet Union are summarized; the economic integration in the frames of Comecon is assessed.

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