Weed, disease and grain yield effects of cultivar mixtures in organically managed spring wheat

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 855-859 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Pridham ◽  
M. H. Entz ◽  
R. C. Martin ◽  
P. J. Hucl
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Yield Stability ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Modern Cultivar ◽  
Modern Wheat ◽  
Organically Managed ◽  
Cultivar Mixtures

Two heritage wheat cultivars, Red Fife and Marquis, along with two modern wheat cultivars, 5602HR and AC Barrie, were assessed in organically managed monocultures and mixtures to discern if mixtures provided a benefit to grain yield and disease and weed suppression in Manitoba over 3 site-years. 5602HR was the highest yielding sole cultivar, while Marquis and AC Barrie were the lowest yielding sole cultivars. Red Fife yielded similar to the modern cultivar 5602HR in several cases. Cultivar mixtures did not provide a yield advantage but did stabilize yields of mixtures containing disease susceptible cultivars. Key words: Cultivar mixtures, heritage cultivar, yield stability

scholarly journals Grain yield and competitive ability against weeds in modern and heritage common wheat cultivars are differently influenced by sowing density

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariateresa Lazzaro ◽  
Ambrogio Costanzo ◽  
Dalia Hosam Farag ◽  
Paolo Bàrberi
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Common Wheat ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Modern Cultivar ◽  
Weed Biomass ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
Crop Stand

Sowing density can have a strong impact on crop stand development during wheat growing cycle. In organic and low-input agriculture, and therefore with minimum or nil use of chemical herbicides, increased sowing density is expected to affect not only grain yield but also weed suppression. In this study we tested, under Mediterranean conditions, six common wheat cultivars (three modern and three heritage) and two three-component mixtures (arranged by combining the three modern or the three heritage cultivars). The different crop stands were tested at sowing densities of 250 (low) and 400 (high, similar to standard sowing density used by local farmers) viable seeds m-2 for two growing seasons. We did not detect a significant effect of crop stand diversity (single cultivars vs mixtures) on grain yield and weed suppression. Differences were ascribed to type of cultivars used (heritage vs modern). Compared to high sowing density, in modern cultivars grain yield did not decrease significantly with low sowing density whereas in heritage cultivars it increased by 15.6%, possibly also because of 21.5% lower plant lodging. Weed biomass increased with low sowing density both in heritage and modern cultivar crop stand types. However, heritage crop stands had, on average, a lower weed biomass (56%) than modern crop stands. Moreover, weed biomass in heritage crop stands at low density (6.82 ± 1.50 g m-2) was lower than that of modern cultivars at the same sowing density (15.54 ± 3.35 g m-2), confirming the higher suppressive potential of the former. We can conclude that lower sowing density can be advisable when using heritage crop stands as it keeps productivity while decreasing plant lodging and maintaining weeds under control.

Realized gains from selection for spring wheat grain yield are different in conventional and organically managed systems

Euphytica ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 177 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd A. Reid ◽  
Rong-Cai Yang ◽  
Donald F. Salmon ◽  
Alireza Navabi ◽  
D. Spaner
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Organically Managed

Tolerances of wheat cultivars to pre-emergence herbicides

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 922 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Lemerle ◽  
AR Leys ◽  
RB Hinkley ◽  
JA Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
South Wales

Twelve spring wheat cultivars were tested in southern New South Wales for their tolerances to the recommended rates and three times the recommended rates of trifluralin, pendimethalin, tri-allate and chlorsulfuron. Recommended rates of these herbicides did not affect the emergence or grain yield of any cultivar. However, differences between cultivars in their tolerances to trifluralin, pendimethalin and chlorsulfuron at three times the recommended rate were identified. The extent of the reduction in emergence and/or grain yield varied with herbicide and season, and there was also a herbicidexseason interaction. Durati, Songlen and Tincurrin were the most susceptible cultivars to trifluralin, and Teal was the most tolerant. Yield losses from trifluralin were more severe in 1979 than in 1980 or 1981. The differential between cultivars treated with pendimethalin was smaller and more variable; Tincurrin was the only cultivar with a yield reduction in more than one season. Durati, Songlen and Shortim were the only cultivars affected by chlorsulfuron. A reduction in crop emergence of a cultivar treated with trifluralin or pendimethalin did not correlate consistently with any grain yield loss, and reductions in emergence were always greater than yield loss.

Water use and water use efficiency of old and modern wheat cultivars in a Mediterranean-type environment

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 431 ◽  
Author(s):  
KHM Siddique ◽  
D Tennant ◽  
MW Perry ◽  
RK Belford
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soil Evaporation ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Modern Cultivar ◽  
Modern Wheat ◽  
Use Efficiency

Water use and water use efficiency of old and modern wheat cultivars and one barley cultivar were measured in a Mediterranean environment at Merredin, W.A. Water use efficiency for grain increased substantially from old to modern cultivars, with little difference among modern cultivars. Water use efficiency for dry matter was similar between cultivars. Barley had the highest water use efficiency of both grain and dry matter. Improved water use efficiency for grain in modern cultivars was associated with faster development, earlier flowering, improved canopy structure and higher harvest index. Modern cultivars used slightly less water than old cultivars. The pattern of water use was also different, with late-maturing old cultivars using more water in the pre- than the post-anthesis period. The ratio of pre- to post-anthesis water use was highest with the late-maturing, old cultivar Purple Straw (5.2:1) and lowest with early-maturing, modern cultivar Gutha (3.0:1). Soil evaporation estimates showed that modern cultivars had lower rates of soil evaporation in the early part of the growing season. This was associated with their faster leaf area development and improved light interception. About 40% of the total water use was lost by soil evaporation with very little difference between wheat cultivars. Barley had 15% less soil evaporation than wheat. Water use efficiency for grain based on transpiration (transpiration efficiency) for the four modern cultivars was 15.8 kg ha-1 mm-1, similar to other studies in comparable environments. Some further improvement in water use efficiency appears possible through improvement in crop biomass and harvest index. However, given the frequent and severe limitations of total water supply at low rainfall sites such as Merredin, there appears to be more scope for improvement in yield and water use efficiency in the medium and high rainfall areas of the wheatbelt.

Growth, development and light interception of old and modern wheat cultivars in a Mediterranean-type environment

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 473 ◽  
Author(s):  
KHM Siddique ◽  
RK Belford ◽  
MW Perry ◽  
D Tennant
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Slight Reduction ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Green Area ◽  
Modern Wheat ◽  
Double Ridge

A field experiment was conducted at Merredin in the eastern wheat belt of Western Australia, comparing 10 wheat cultivars representing old and modern wheats. The aim of the study was to identify any morphological and physiological characters associated with higher grain yield of modern wheat cultivars.The modern cultivars reached double ridge, terminal spikelet, anthesis and maturity earlier than the old cultivars, but modern cultivars had a longer duration between double ridge and terminal spikelet stage. The number of leaves on the main stem generally decreased from old, Purple Straw (14) to modern cultivars like Kulin (8). The modern cultivars had a shorter phyllochron interval than the old cultivars. The old cultivars also produced more tillers per plant (7.3) and had a lower percentage (35%) of ear bearing tillers, as compared with 3.9 and 51% for modern cultivars.The green area index and ground cover was higher in old than modern cultivars. However, the efficiency of conversion of photosynthetically active radiation to dry matter was slightly greater for modern cultivars. Although dry matter at final harvest was similar between cultivars, there was a trend for higher dry matter production with modern cultivars. The post-anthesis green area duration was longer with modern cultivars and grain yield increased with increase in post-anthesis green area duration.Grain yield and HI increased consistently from old to modern cultivars. The most recent cultivar Kulin had the highest yield and second highest harvest index, which were 63% and 48% respectively higher than the oldest cultivar, Purple Straw. Increases in grain yield in the modern cultivars were associated with increased grains spikelet-1 and grains ear-1. Mean grain weight showed a slight reduction with modern cultivars. The results are discussed in relation to future improvement in yield.

scholarly journals Weed suppression and yield of thirteen spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties grown in an organic system

2017 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Beata Feledyn-Szewczyk ◽  
Krzysztof Jończyk
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Organic System ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
Competitive Abilities

The aim of this study was to determine the relationships between morphological features, canopy parameters, weed infestation, and grain yield of spring wheat varieties. The study was conducted in the period 2011–2013, on fields managed organically at the Experimental Station of The Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation – State Research Institute, Osiny, Poland. Thirteen spring wheat varieties were sown in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Weed density and dry matter production were estimated as well biometric features of the wheat varieties at tillering (BBCH 22–24) and dough (BBCH 85–87) stages. The analyses of variance showed that the year had a stronger effect than varieties on the level of weed infestation. Pearson’s correlation analysis indicated that weed number was influenced by the height of wheat plants and their aboveground biomass at the tillering stage and additionally by number of tillers at the dough stage. A significant correlation (<em>r</em> = −0.328, siginfficant at <em>p</em> &lt; 0.05) was shown between the number of weeds and wheat grain yield. Different morphological features and canopy parameters influenced the competitive abilities of the spring wheat varieties tested. A cluster analysis detected one set of varieties with the largest (‘Bombona’, ‘Brawura’, ‘Hewilla’, ‘Kandela’, ‘Katoda’, ‘Łagwa’, and ‘Żura’) and another with the smallest (‘Monsun’, ‘Ostka Smolicka’, and ‘Parabola’) competitive abilities against weeds. The main outcome of the research is information for farmers as to which varieties are highly competitive against weeds and also high yielding. Among the varieties with the highest competitiveness, <em>Triticum aestivum</em> ‘Żura’ was the highest yielder (3.82 t ha<sup>−1</sup> on average), whereas ‘Bombona’ yielded only at an average level (3.03 t ha<sup>−1</sup>). The suppressive ability of spring wheat varieties against weeds and yield potential should be both taken into account in the selection of varieties suitable for an organic farming system where weed control is absent.

Culm height and susceptibility of Canadian winter and spring wheat cultivars to common bunt (Tilletia tritici and T. laevis)

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 677-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Gaudet ◽  
B. J. Puchalski ◽  
T. Entz
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Specific Resistance ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Common Bunt ◽  
Nonspecific Resistance ◽  
Tilletia Tritici ◽  
Cultivar Variation ◽  
Low Levels

A field study involving winter and spring wheat cultivars possessing race-specific and nonspecific resistance to Tilletia tritici and T. laevis was conducted to determine the effect of bunt on culm dwarfing, and the role of culm height in the susceptibility of wheat cultivars. Bunt-induced stunting, ranging from 2.4 to 21%, was observed in 20 of 25 cultivars and the severity was correlated with level of bunt (r = 0.86). Also, there was preferential infection of shorter culms by the bunt fungus and this appeared to be a major factor in the susceptibility of most cultivars in this study. Cultivars possessing moderate to high levels of nonspecific resistance such as Katepwa and Chinook had fewer short culms; these short culms were susceptible. A large proportion of the culms of short-statured or semi-dwarf cultivars such as HY320, Tobari 66, and the soft white spring wheats Fielder and Springfield, fell into the shortest height classes; uniformly these were highly susceptible to bunt infection. Laura and Roblin, cultivars of conventional height, had a large proportion of short culms and these were highly susceptible. Red Bobs 222 and HY355 also exhibited high levels of bunt in the taller culms. Cultivars possessing race-specific resistance such as the durum wheats and BW553 had low levels of infection across the culm height classes. Cultivar variation in susceptibility to bunt within each of the different culm height classes also was observed. The possible implications of the effect of preferential bunting of short culms on development in short-statured or semi-dwarf wheats are discussed. Key words: Stinking smut, Norin 10/Brevor

Response to weed control by four spring wheat genotypes differing in competitive ability

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Hucl
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Wheat Genotypes ◽  
Control Genotype

Increased crop competitiveness may complement existing weed control methods. The objective of this research was to establish whether spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes with contrasting competitive abilities respond differently to weed control levels. Four sibling genotypes differing in competitive ability were grown under simulated weedy conditions and subjected to four weed control levels. The competitive genotypes were superior to the less-competitive genotypes in grain yield under weedy and partially weedy conditions. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., competition, weed control, genotype × weedcontrol interaction

INDUCED POLYGENIC VARIATIONS IN RELATION TO GENE ACTION FOR YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS IN SPRING WHEAT

1976 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Singh ◽  
G. S. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Gene Action ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Additive Gene Action ◽  
Breeding Populations ◽  
Additive Component ◽  
Additive Gene ◽  
1000 Grain Weight

Gene action in relation to yield per plant, 1000-grain weight and number of grains per spike was studied in 9 × 9 diallel F1 and F2 populations derived separately from nine elite diverse normal and EMS treated spring wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.em Thell.). Some additive and all dominance components were significant for the three characters, their relative proportions varied from character to character. Preponderance of additive gene action was revealed for 1000-grain weight, whereas prevalence of nonadditive gene action was noted for grain yield and number of grains per spike. The magnitude of the additive component increased considerably in EMS treated F2 populations for 1000-grain weight and grain yield, whereas the EMS treatment increased the proportion of nonadditive components for number of grains per spike. Breeding plans which may effectively exploit both additive and nonadditive components of variances for evolving superior breeding populations of spring wheat have been suggested.

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