CADMIUM RESIDUES IN APPLE FRUIT AND FOLIAGE FOLLOWING A COVER SPRAY OF CADMIUM CHLORIDE

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Ross ◽  
D. K. R. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Cadmium Chloride ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Apple Trees

In each of 3 years, cadmium was translocated to fruit of apple trees which had received one early cover spray of cadmium chloride. Foliage residues slowly declined throughout the season.

scholarly journals Pre- and Post-harvest Harpin Treatments of Apples Induce Resistance to Blue Mold

Plant Disease ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy de Capdeville ◽  
Steven V. Beer ◽  
Christopher B. Watkins ◽  
Charles L. Wilson ◽  
Luís O. Tedeschi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Inoculum Concentration ◽  
Commercial Formulation ◽  
Disease Progress ◽  
Promising Strategy ◽  
Cold Room ◽  
Induce Resistance

Harpin was studied for its ability to induce resistance in apple fruit to blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum after harvest. Red Delicious fruit were harvested and sprayed with harpin at 0, 40, 80, and 160 mg/liter applied as a commercial formulation. At 48, 96, and 144 h after treatment, fruit were wound inoculated with spore suspensions of P. expansum at 103, 5 × 103, or 104 spores/ml. The diameters of the resulting lesions were directly proportional to the inoculum concentration. Fewer fruit treated with harpin became infected relative to the controls, and disease progress was considerably reduced. In a second experiment, apple trees of the cultivars McIntosh, Empire, and Red Delicious were sprayed with different concentrations of harpin 8 or 4 days before harvest. Fruit were harvested, wounded, inoculated with the fungus, and stored in a commercial cold room. Fewer fruit treated with harpin became infected compared with the controls. Greater control resulted from the higher concentrations of harpin, but no difference in control occurred as a function of interval between the spray time and harvest. Spraying apple trees with harpin a few days before harvest is a promising strategy for reducing blue mold decay in storage.

scholarly journals Aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) affects cv. Royal Gala apple fruit quality at harvest and after storage – Short communication

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 195-198
Author(s):  
N. Magazin ◽  
Z. Keserović ◽  
B. Milić ◽  
M. Dorić
Keyword(s):  
Short Communication ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Starch Degradation ◽  
Ethylene Synthesis ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Quality Assessments

Aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), an inhibitor of ethylene synthesis was applied at a concentration of 125 g/l of active ingredient on Royal Gala apple trees 4 weeks before the anticipated harvest in two consecutive years. Immediately after harvest fruits were stored at 1°C and 90% of relative humidity for up to 90 days. Quality assessments of total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA) and firmness were done on 30-days intervals after harvest. Treating Royal Gala apples with AVG significantly slowed down starch degradation in fruits but in the same time increased fruit weight. Also, the development of over colour was negatively affected. A positive influence on fruits’ firmness was also evident, while there was no influence of AVG on TSS and TA.    

Residue Levels of Daminozide in Apple Trees Sprayed the Preceding Spring and Summer

1985 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
pp. 1058-1061 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. DOZIER ◽  
K. S. RYMAL ◽  
J. W. KNOWLES ◽  
J. A. PITTS ◽  
R. B. REED
Keyword(s):  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Vegetative Plant ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Residue Levels ◽  
Low Levels

Daminozide residue levels in fruit and vegetative parts of apple trees were determined the year following foliar spray treatments with daminozide at recommended rates and times and at excessive rates and times closer to harvest than recommended. Trees were sampled in December, March and August following spraying. Daminozide residues were found in all vegetative plant parts, with the highest residue levels found in the buds, bark and xylem of spurs, and in terminal and lateral buds; the lowest residue levels were found in the bark and xylem of stems. Residue levels were affected by both rate and time of application. Residue levels increased as application rates increased, but the response to rate was less when treatments were applied 21 d after bloom (125 d before harvest) than when treatments were applied closer to harvest. The highest residue levels were from treatments applied the day of harvest. Higher residue levels were found in March samples than December samples. Residues had been dissipated to low levels by the August sampling date. No daminozide residues were found in apple fruit from trees treated the previous year with recommended levels of daminozide applied at the recommended time. However, low residue levels were found in fruit treated with 2 × and 4 × rates of daminozide at times closer to harvest than recommended.

scholarly journals Summer Pruning as a Method for Reducing Flyspeck Disease on Apple Fruit

Plant Disease ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 81 (10) ◽  
pp. 1123-1126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel R. Cooley ◽  
James W. Gamble ◽  
Wesley R. Autio
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Spray Deposition ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Commercial Practice ◽  
The Hours ◽  
Small Change

Summer pruning of apples, as opposed to the conventional commercial practice of dormant pruning, consistently reduced the incidence of flyspeck on apple fruit by approximately 50% in each of 2 years in trees where no fungicides were applied. In commercial orchard blocks using fungicides, summer pruning also produced a slight but significant decrease in disease severity. There appear to be at least two mechanisms contributing to decreased flyspeck incidence and severity in summer-pruned apple trees. Summer pruning resulted in a small change in the apple canopy microclimate, decreasing the hours of relative humidity >95% in the canopy by 63% and increasing the evaporative potential. Summer pruning also resulted in improved spray deposition in the upper two-thirds of the tree canopy when applications were made with an airblast sprayer.

scholarly journals Virulence of Botryosphaeria dothidea and Botryosphaeria obtusa on Apple and Management of Stem Cankers with Fungicides

Plant Disease ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (9) ◽  
pp. 1031-1037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane E. Brown-Rytlewski ◽  
Patricia S. McManus
Keyword(s):  
Foliar Application ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Botryosphaeria Dothidea ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Botryosphaeria Obtusa ◽  
Xylem Tissue ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
Stem Cankers

The virulence of isolates of Botryosphaeria dothidea and B. obtusa was compared on apple fruit, trunks of 2-year-old apple trees, and twigs of mature apple trees. In general, B. dothideaisolates were more virulent than B. obtusa isolates. There was no correlation between virulence on fruit and virulence on 2-year-old trees. Several compounds were tested as topical wound treatments to control stem cankers caused by B. dothidea and B. obtusa. Benomyl, kresoxim-methyl, and trifloxystrobin, when applied at rates recommended for foliar application, consistently reduced the incidence and size of cankers compared with the water control. Clove oil, garlic extract, and neem oil did not reduce the incidence and size of cankers compared with the water control. Kresoxim-methyl was also effective when applied with an air-blast sprayer, despite incomplete spray coverage. Although fungicides reduced external canker symptoms, B. dothidea and B. obtusa were frequently isolated from xylem tissue, suggesting that fungicides might not provide long-term control of these pathogens.

Effects of apple fruit fermentation (AFF) solution on growth and fruit quality of apple trees

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Hui Pang ◽  
Ji Tian ◽  
Mingjuan Liu ◽  
Qianlong Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Apple Trees

scholarly journals Virulence Characteristics Accounting for Fire Blight Disease Severity in Apple Trees and Seedlings

2010 ◽  
Vol 100 (6) ◽  
pp. 539-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven A. Lee ◽  
Henry K. Ngugi ◽  
Noemi O. Halbrendt ◽  
Grace O'Keefe ◽  
Brian Lehman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Fire Blight ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Carbohydrate Utilization ◽  
Hypersensitive Cell Death ◽  
Blight Disease

The gram-negative bacterium Erwinia amylovora is the causal agent of fire blight, the most destructive bacterial disease of rosaceous plants, including apple and pear. Here, we compared the virulence levels of six E. amylovora strains (Ea273, CFBP1367, Ea581a, E2002a, E4001a, and HKN06P1) on apple trees and seedlings. The strains produced a range of disease severity, with HKN06P1 producing the greatest disease severity in every assay. We then compared virulence characteristic expression among the six strains, including growth rates in immature apple fruit, amylovoran production, levansucrase activity, biofilm formation, carbohydrate utilization, hypersensitive cell death elicitation in tobacco leaves, and protein secretion profiles. Multiple regression analysis indicated that three of the virulence characteristics (amylovoran production, biofilm formation, and growth in immature apple fruit) accounted for >70% of the variation in disease severity on apple seedlings. Furthermore, in greenhouse-grown ‘Gala’ trees, >75% of the variation in disease severity was accounted for by five of the virulence characteristics: amylovoran production, biofilm formation, growth in immature apple fruit, hypersensitive cell death elicitation, and sorbitol utilization. This study demonstrates that virulence factor expression levels account for differences in disease severity caused by wild isolates of E. amylovora on apple trees.

scholarly journals Timing of Perennial Canker Development in Apple Trees Caused by Neofabraea perennans and Neofabraea kienholzii

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 555-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian G. Aguilar ◽  
Mark Mazzola ◽  
Chang-Lin Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Pome Fruit ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Canker Disease ◽  
Aphid Control ◽  
Neofabraea Perennans ◽  
Rot Disease ◽  
Canker Development ◽  
Bull's Eye

Members of the genera Neofabraea and Phlyctema have been reported to incite canker diseases of apple trees and a postharvest decay of apple fruit referred to as “bull’s-eye rot.” Neofabraea kienholzii was recently identified as participating in the bull’s-eye rot disease complex of apple and other pome fruit. In this study, apple twigs inoculated with N. kienholzii were shown to develop symptoms of a canker disease closely resembling perennial canker of pome fruit trees caused by N. perennans. Cankers resulting from infection by either Neofabraea spp. were more likely to be induced when twig inoculations occurred in October, and to a lesser degree in April, compared with all other inoculation dates evaluated in this study. Although N. kienholzii tended to induce cankers that were smaller in size compared with N. perennans, both pathogens shared similar seasonal trends in the initiation and expansion of tree cankers. N. perennans and N. kienholzii were recovered from inoculated twigs 6 months postinoculation regardless of when inoculations were conducted, indicating that both pathogens can survive on diseased twigs year-round. In addition, acervuli were observed more often on twigs inoculated in September and April compared with those inoculated in other months. Data from this work should help further our understanding of the epidemiology of N. kienholzii. This information also highlights the importance of proper branch pruning, canker removal, and aphid control. Such management activities should be conducted in a manner that helps minimize further spread of the pathogen.

scholarly journals Oxamyl Is an Effective Apple Fruit Thinner when Used Alone or when Combined with Other Thinners

1997 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-258
Author(s):  
Richard Marini
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Tween 20 ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Spray Solution ◽  
Fruit Diameter

In five experiments with `Redchief Delicious' and one with `Braeburn', oxamyl (Vydate 2L) was used alone or combined with other chemicals to thin apples. The thinning response to oxamyl depended on dose. In most cases, oxamyl at 600 mg·L−1 and carbaryl at 900 mg·L−1 thinned trees similarly, but the combination of oxamyl plus carbaryl was no more effective than either chemical alone. The combination of oxamyl plus NAA (2.5 to 5 mL·L−1) was slightly more effective than either material alone. The thinning response to oxamyl and carbaryl was related to the concentration of superior oil added to the spray solution; for both chemicals, adding oil at 5 mg·L−1 or Tween 20 at 1.25 mL·L−1 gave equivalent thinning. Apples on trees sprayed with oxamyl plus oil had a dull finish. Adding Tween 20 at 1.25 mL·L−1 improved the thinning activity of carbaryl (Sevin XLR-Plus) more than oxamyl. Similar thinning occurred whether oxamyl was applied when fruit diameter averaged 4 or 10 mm. On `Braeburn' oxamyl, carbaryl, Accel, and NAA were mild thinners, but all combinations of oxamyl or carbaryl plus Accel or NAA overthinned the trees without improving fruit size. In general, oxamyl at 600 mg·L−1 (2 pints of vydate 2L/100 gal.) and carbaryl thin apple trees similarly, and the efficacy of both chemicals is improved by adding a surfactant.

scholarly journals Effects of Aminoethoxyvinylglycine, Ethephon, and 1-Methylcyclopropene on Apple Fruit Quality at Harvest and after Storage

2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.R. Drake ◽  
D.C. Elfving ◽  
M.A. Drake ◽  
T.A. Eisele ◽  
S.L. Drake ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Apple Juice ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Controlled Atmosphere ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Sensory Acceptance ◽  
Fruit Cracking ◽  
Apple Products ◽  
Sensory Preference

This study was conducted over two crop seasons using `Scarletspur Delicious' and `Gale Gala' apple trees (Malus ×domestica). The bioregulators aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), ethephon (ETH), and 1-methylcyclopropene (MCP) were applied at various times before or after harvest. Fruit response was evaluated at harvest and after regular atmosphere (RA) and controlled atmosphere (CA) storage [2.0% oxygen (O2) and <2.0% carbon dioxide (CO2) at 0 °C] and quality of whole and juice apple products evaluated. AVG reduced starch loss and ethylene production, enhanced firmness, and reduced cracking in `Gale Gala,' but reduced sensory acceptance of apples and apple juice. ETH intensified starch loss, ethylene production, and reduced firmness, but did not affect `Gale Gala' fruit cracking. AVG followed by ETH reduced starch loss, ethylene production, and cracking and maintained firmness. This combination also aided in sensory acceptance of apples but reduced sensory preference of apple juice. Exposure to postharvest MCP improved flesh firmness retention and reduced ethylene production after both RA and CA storage. MCP either favored or reduced sensory acceptance of whole apples, depending on the particular season, but reduced sensory preference of apple juice. Sensory scores for `Scarletspur Delicious' apples were more strongly modified by bioregulators than were `Gale Gala' apples.

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