TOLERANCE OF SOME TURFGRASS SPECIES TO DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF SALT IN SOILS

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. CORDUKES ◽  
A. J. MACLEAN
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
Salt Addition

Addition of CaCl2∙2H2O at the rate of 2,000 ppm to give a conductivity of 7.2 mmhos/cm in a saturated paste extract of three soils varying in texture from sand to clay loam had no apparent effects on the quality of turf of Kentucky bluegrass, Poa pratensis L., creeping red fescue, Festuca rubra L., and perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne L., grown in pot tests. When the rate was increased to 8,000 ppm and the conductivity to about 20 mmhos/cm, the turfgrass deteriorated markedly in the clay loam and the sandy loam and to a lesser degree in the sand. All species reacted similarly to the detrimental effect of salt in the soils, and the deterioration in turf quality was accompanied by a decline in root production. The concentration of chloride in leaf tissue usually increased with increasing amounts of salt in the soils and tended to be highest in perennial ryegrass and lowest in creeping red fescue. At the higher rates of salt addition, the amounts of chloride in the turfgrass tended to be lower on the sand than on the other soils.

scholarly journals Additional Host Plants of Four Species of Billbug Found on New Jersey Turfgrasses

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 608-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer M. Johnson-Cicalese ◽  
C.R. Funk
Keyword(s):  
New Jersey ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Red Fescue

Studies were conducted on the host plants of four billbug species (Coleoptera:Curculionidae: Sphenophorus parvulus Gyllenhal, S. venatus Chitt., S. inaequalis Say, and S. minimus Hart) found on New Jersey turfgrasses. A collection of 4803 adults from pure stands of various turfgrasses revealed all four billbugs on Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), and S. parvulus, S. venatus, and S. minimus on Chewings fescue (F. rubra L. ssp. commutata Gaud.). Since the presence of larvae, pupae, or teneral adults more accurately indicates the host status of a grass species, immature billbugs were collected from plugs of the various grass species and reared to adults for identification. All four species were reared from immature billbugs found in Kentucky bluegrass turf; immatures of S. venatus, S. inaequalis, and S. minimus were found in tall fescue; S. venatus and S. minimus in perennial ryegrass; and S. inaequalis in strong creeping red fescue (F. rubra L. ssp. rubra). A laboratory experiment was also conducted in which billbug adults were confined in petri dishes with either Kentucky bluegrass, perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, or bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon Pers.). Only minor differences were found between the four grasses in billbug survival, number of eggs laid, and amount of feeding. In general, bermudagrass was the least favored host and the other grasses were equally adequate hosts. The results of this study indicate a need for updating host-plant lists of these four billbug species.

scholarly journals Change over Time in Quality and Cover of Various Turfgrass Species and Cultivars Maintained in Shade

2002 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.S. Gardner ◽  
J.A. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Percentage Cover ◽  
Supplemental Irrigation ◽  
Red Fescue

In 1992, a cultivar trial was initiated in Columbus, Ohio to evaluate differences in establishment and long-term performance of cultivars of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), creeping red fescue (F. rubra), chewings fescue (F. rubra ssp. fallax), hard fescue (F. brevipila), kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), rough bluegrass (P. trivialis), and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) under low maintenance conditions in a shaded environment. Fertilizer and supplemental irrigation were applied until 1994 to establish the grasses, after which no supplemental irrigation, or pesticides were applied and fertilizer rates were reduced to 48.8 kg·ha-1 (1 lb/1000 ft2) of N per year. Percentage cover and overall quality data were collected in 2000 and compared with data collected in 1994. Initial establishment success does not appear to be a good predictor of long-term success of a cultivar in a shaded environment. There was some variability in cultivar performance under shade within a given turfgrass species. The tall fescue cultivars, as a group, had the highest overall quality and percentage cover under shade, followed by the fine fescues, kentucky bluegrass, rough bluegrass, and perennial ryegrass cultivars.

Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) Control in Cool Season Turfgrass

Weed Science ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 487-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.W. Bingham
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Festuca Rubra ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Poor Control ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Dry Conditions

Yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL.) control with herbicides was evaluated with and without competition from turfgrasses. Postemergence applications of cyperquat (1-methyl-4-phenylpryidinium) provided safe selective control of yellow nutsedge in Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensisL. ‘Merion’), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL. ‘Manhatten’), and red fescue (Festuca rubraL. ‘Pennlawn’). Pre- and post-emergence applications of perfluidone {1,1,1-trifluoro-N-[2-methyl-4-(phenylsulfonyl)phenyl] methanesulfonamide} controlled yellow nutsedge when rainfall or irrigation was adequate for good turfgrass growth. Under dry conditions, perfluidone slightly injured Kentucky bluegrass and gave poor control of yellow nutsedge. Bentazon [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-(4)3H-one2,2-dioxide] was less effective than cyperquat or perfluidone for yellow nutsedge control and required split applications. Bentazon did not injure Kentucky bluegrass. Napropamide [2-(α-naphthoxy)-N,N-diethylpropionamide] and Vel 3973 [N-(2,4-dimethyl-5-{[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]amino}phenyl)acetamide] did not provide adequate yellow nutsedge control. Vel 5052 {2-chloro-N-(2,6-dimethyl-phenyl-N-[(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)methyl] acetamide}showed promise for yellow nutsedge control.

scholarly journals 279 Influence of NaCl on Seed Germination of Selected Cool-season Turfgrass Species

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 490D-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hoon Kang ◽  
Chiwon W. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Crested Wheatgrass ◽  
Red Fescue

The influence of increasing levels (0.0%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, 1.2%, 1.6%, and 2.0%) of NaCl on the germination of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), and crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum) was investigated. Kentucky bluegrass, creeping bentgrass, and crested wheatgrass had a 50% reduction in germination at 0.2%, 0.6%, and 0.6% NaCl, respectively, compared to the control and completely lost germination at 0.6%, 1.2%, and 1.6% NaCl, respectively. Seed germination in both annual ryegrass and perennial ryegrass was only 50% of the control at 1.2% NaCl and completely inhibited at 2.0% NaCl. Tall fescue, red fescue, and creeping red fescue showed a 50% reduction in germination at NaCl concentrations of 1.2%, 1.2%, and 0.8%, respectively, while showing a complete inhibition of germination at 2.0%, 2.0%, and 1.6% NaCl, respectively.

scholarly journals Timing the Establishment of Kentucky Bluegrass : Perennial Ryegrass Mixtures for Football Fields

HortScience ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 240-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Stier ◽  
Eric J. Koeritz ◽  
Mark Garrison
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Rust Disease ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
Seeding Date ◽  
Field Plots ◽  
Species Proportions ◽  
Seed Mixtures

Sports field construction contracts in cool-season areas often stipulate a 9- to 12-month period between seeding and opening for play. Seed mixtures are usually dominated by slow-establishing Kentucky bluegrass (KBG; Poa pratensis L.) and contain lower proportions of perennial ryegrass (PRG; Lolium perenne L.) for quick cover. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of planting time on three KBG : PRG mixes, a 100% PRG blend, and their ability to sustain football-type traffic. Field plots were seeded in late summer, as a dormant planting in late fall, and in the following spring. Plots received simulated football traffic, split for one or four weekly games, from mid-August through mid-November of the year in which spring seeding occurred. The experimental design was a strip-split-plot, randomized block with four replications. The study was repeated a second year. All seeding dates provided acceptable turf quality regardless of seed type by September. However, summer seedings of KBG-based mixtures provided better turf quality than mixtures planted in the spring, whereas dormant-seeded mixtures provided the poorest turf quality. Turf seeded with 100% PRG was less sensitive to seeding date, with summer or spring seedings providing similar quality and dormant seedings superior to KBG-based dormant seedings. Summer seedings also resulted in the least amount of broadleaf weeds the next year with dormant seedings having the most weeds, particularly with plots seeded to 95% KBG. All KBG-based seed mixtures provided turf containing ≈50% KBG or more by September, although the amount of KBG remaining after traffic was significantly greatest in plots seeded to 95% KBG and least in plots seeded with 70% KBG. Pure PRG swards provided acceptable turf quality throughout the traffic period but should be used cautiously as a result of winterkill potential and crown rust disease (Puccinia coronata Corda f. sp. agropyri Erikss.). Different amounts of traffic did not affect turf species proportions. The most consistently desirable results may be obtained with a mixture containing 70% to 80% KBG and 30% to 20% PRG, respectively. Mixtures dominated by KBG should be seeded in late summer for best results.

Volunteer Kentucky Bluegrass(Poa pratensis)Control in Kentucky Bluegrass Seed Fields

Weed Science ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 675-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. O. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Banding Technique ◽  
Festuca Rubra ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Crop Establishment ◽  
Herbicide Treatments

The carbon banding technique was evaluated for control of volunteer Kentucky bluegrass(Poa pratensisL.) while Kentucky bluegrass was established for seed production. At Madras, Oregon, where terbacil (3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil), diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea], atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine], and simazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine] were applied at several rates each, volunteer Kentucky bluegrass control between the carbon bands ranged from 80 to 99+%. At Corvallis, Oregon, where Colonial bentgrass(Agrostis tenuisSibth. ‘Highland’), red fescue(Festuca rubraL. ‘Pennlawn’), perennial ryegrass(Lolium perenneL. ‘NK-100’), and orchardgrass(Dactylis glomerataL. ‘S-143’) were planted to allow identification of volunteer Kentucky bluegrass both between and in the carbon bands, diuron, atrazine, and a combination of diuron and terbacil eliminated volunteer Kentucky bluegrass. Terbacil did not control all Kentucky bluegrass between the bands. None of the herbicide treatments adversely affected crop establishment or seed yield.

Susceptibility of Several Grasses to Glyphosate

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 579-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. W. Bingham ◽  
J. Segura ◽  
C. L. Foy
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Festuca Rubra ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Agrostis Tenuis ◽  
Moderately Resistant

The susceptibility of 2- and 4-month-old perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerataL.), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensisL.), red fescue (Festuca rubraL.) and highland bentgrass (Agrostis tenuisSibth.) to glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] was studied in the greenhouse. All 2-month-old grasses were killed by 0.28 kg/ha and higher rates of glyphosate. At 0.14 kg/ha, red fescue was moderately resistant, and bluegrass, orchardgrass, and perennial ryegrass were moderately susceptible. Bent-grass was very susceptible. When 4-month-old grasses were treated, bluegrass was as tolerant to 0.28 kg/ha of glyphosate as was red fescue. At this same rate, orchardgrass and perennial ryegrass were moderately susceptible, whereas bentgrass remained the most susceptible. Dosages lower than 0.28 kg/ha had little effect; whereas higher doages injured all five species.14C-glyphosate was absorbed and translocated via both apoplast and symplast in 1-month-old red fescue, orchardgrass and perennial ryegrass seedlings. Comparatively, less radioactivity was transported to the untreated areas in red fescue than in orchardgrass and perennial ryegrass. Thus, the differential tolerances of these species to low rates of glyphosate may be explained, in part, by differential translocation of glyphosate.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF DROUGHT ON THE PERFORMANCE OF THREETURF GRASS SPECIES

2018 ◽  
Vol 78 ◽  
pp. 3-22
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Żurek ◽  
Kamil Prokopiuk ◽  
Agnieszka Rachwalska
Keyword(s):  
Water Deficit ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Drought Period ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Drought Avoidance ◽  
The Face ◽  
Different Response

Drought is the main environmental factor hampering world agriculture production. In the face of warmingclimate and reduced fresh water resources it become obvious that search for any factors decreasing water useis strongly recommended. Turf grasses able to withstand drought period longer could be recommended for turfareas as parks, lawns, home gardens etc. and relatively lower amounts of water should ensure satisfactory turfquality. Therefore, twelve turf varieties from three major cool-season turf grass species: perennial ryegrass(Lolium perenne L.), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) were tested inglasshouse pot experiment and in the laboratory for determination of their relative ability to withstand greenlonger in the face of water deficit.The different response of the examined forms to drought was noted. Conditions that favor fast water depletionwere the most suitable for the expression of water deficit-related traits. Therefore, sandy mixture of 16%volumetric moisture content at field water capacity was mostly suitable for observation of the variation oftested forms. Turf condition of Kentucky bluegrass, as contrary to red fescue, was strongly connected with thesoil moisture. Different manifestation of drought resistance was observed in tested species. Kentucky bluegrass,as rather no resistant to drought, exposed low level of drought avoidance. Red fescue was able to survivedrought mainly due to leaf blades resistant to desiccation. In perennial ryegrass some other mechanismsevolved to survive drought. Early leaf wilting and senescence contributes to nutrient remobilization duringdrought and avoids large water loses during the transpiration. Therefore, perennial ryegrass turf was able toregenerate better after drought, as compared to the other tested grass species.Search for new turf forms should focus on searching for ability to maintain acceptable conditions longer ina presence of increasing water deficit. It will then reduce the duration of period of poor turf conditions andfurther, turf water demands.

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