COMPARISON OF PRESEEDING TILLAGE WITH TOTAL AND MINIMAL TILLAGE BY VARIOUS SEEDING MACHINES ON SPRING WHEAT PRODUCTION IN SOUTHERN SASKATCHEWAN

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. ANDERSON
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Volume Weight ◽  
Soil Zone ◽  
Weight Yield ◽  
Seed Placement ◽  
Direct Seeded

In a 6-yr study at Swift Current, Saskatchewan in the Brown soil zone of Western Canada, preseeding tillage did not significantly influence the volume weight or yield of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). There were some indications that protein content of wheat was enhanced by preseeding tillage but the results were not consistent. A 2-yr supplementary study, on the other hand, did not show any benefits from preseeding tillage. Plant density was lower on plots seeded with the discer, whether direct-seeded or following preseeding tillage. The seed was also placed deeper in the soil compared to seeding with the hoe press or double-disc seeders, as indicated by the length of the plants’ subcoronal internodes. However, the differences in plant density and depth of seed placement were not reflected in the final wheat yields; this emphasized the ability of the wheat plants to compensate for establishment differences within the moisture limits encountered. There were no significant differences in volume weight, yield, or protein content of wheat for those seeders that provided total tillage during the seeding operation (discer or cultivator-rod weeder drills) as compared to seeders that provided only minimal tillage in the seed row (hoe, single-disc or triple-disc drills) when preseeding tillage was not practiced.

scholarly journals Stubble options for winter wheat in the Black soil zone of western Canada

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Irvine ◽  
G. P. Lafond ◽  
W. May ◽  
H. R. Kutcher ◽  
G. W. Clayton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Black Soil ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Soil Zone ◽  
Spring Cereals ◽  
Barley Silage

Irvine, B. R., Lafond, G. P., May, W., Kutcher, H. R., Clayton, G. W., Harker, K. N., Turkington, T. K. and Beres, B. L. 2013. Stubble options for winter wheat in the Black soil zone of western Canada. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 261–270. Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production has yet to reach its full potential in the Canadian prairies. Alternative stubble types are needed to help overcome the challenge of timely planting of winter wheat in late-maturing canola (Brassica napus L.) fields. A study was conducted in the prairie provinces of Canada to determine ideal stubble types for winter wheat and select spring cereals grown in the Black soil zone. Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), canola, pea (Pisum sativum L.), barley grain or silage (Hordeum vulgare L.), and oat (Avena sativa L.) stubbles were established at four locations in western Canada. A new study area was established at each location for 3 yr. In the year following establishment, winter wheat, hard red spring wheat, barley, and oats were grown on each stubble type at each study area. Winter wheat and spring cereal crops often yielded best and had greater grain protein concentration on barley silage, pea, and canola stubbles relative to other stubble types. The yield and grain protein concentration of spring cereals was best when grown on pea stubble. Winter wheat production attributes varied most among site by crop combinations, and further investigation indicated the source of this variability may be from winter wheat plantings on canola and pea stubble. Among the optimal stubbles, less variable results were observed when winter wheat was grown on barley silage stubble, suggesting proper crop residue management would reduce the variability observed in canola and pea stubble. Our results suggest stubble alternatives to canola are available for winter wheat plantings in western Canada.

Yield and water use of paired-row versus equidistant-row seeded spring wheat in a semiarid environment

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 459-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Cutforth ◽  
F. Selles
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Semiarid Environment ◽  
Brown Soil ◽  
Soil Zone ◽  
Days To Maturity

A field study was carried out to determine the effects of seed row configuration on days to maturity, water use and grain yield of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ’Leader’) grown in a semiarid environment. From 1986 to 1989, Leader spring wheat was seeded at Swift Current, Saskatchewan in north-south equidistant-rows (25-cm row spacing) and paired-rows (two rows 10 cm apart with 50 cm between the centre of each paired row). Seed and fertilizer were applied at recommended rates for the Brown soil zone. There were no significant differences (P > 0.10) in grain yield, water use or days to maturity between equidistant-row and paired-row seeding. The data suggest that under the environmental conditions of the Brown soil zone paired-row seeding may have no agronomic advantage over equidistant-row seeding.Key words: Paired-row seeding, water use, grain yield, spring wheat

Economics of fertilizer-N management for zero-tillage continuous spring wheat in the Brown soil zone

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 981-995 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Zentner ◽  
F. Selles ◽  
C. A. Campbell ◽  
K. Handford ◽  
B. G. McConkey
Keyword(s):  
Risk Aversion ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Soil Zone ◽  
Medium Risk ◽  
N Management ◽  
Wheat Price

Optimum use of fertilizer inputs requires consideration of factors that influence plant response and those that govern the decisions of producers. The response of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to soil water and fertilizer N (FN) was assessed in a 9-yr zero-tillage study conducted on a medium-texture, Orthic Brown Chernozem at Swift Current, Saskatchewan. These data were used to assess the economic merit and risk considerations of alternative fertilizer-N management systems when combined with snow-trapping to enhance soil-water reserves. The fertilizer-N systems included rates from 0 to 100 kg ha−1; spring versus fall applications, and deep banding versus surface broadcasting. Tall trap strips of cereal stubble (40–60 cm tall by 90–120 cm wide, spaced every 6 m and running perpendicular to prevailing winds) were used for snow trapping and compared with stubble cut at a uniform standard height of 15–20 cm. The results showed that optimum fertilizer-N rates (FN) varied directly with soil-water (SW) reserves (available water in 0–120-cm depth measured in spring) and the probability distribution for 1 May to 31 July precipitation, and inversely with soil N (SN) (NO3 N in 0–60-cm depth measured in the previous fall), ratio of fertilizer-N cost to wheat price, and the level of risk aversion held by producers. The optimum FNs were highest for spring and fall banding; they were 3–14 kg ha−1 lower for spring broadcasting and 7–22 kg ha−1 lower with fall broadcasting. The optimum rates increased 3.7–5.7 kg N ha−1 for each 10-mm increase in SW, with the higher rates associated with high SN. The FNs declined 5 kg ha−1 for each additional year that the land was cropped continuously. For producers seeking to maximize expected profit or those with low risk aversion, the optimum FNs were considerably higher than those recommended by the Saskatchewan Soil Testing Laboratory (SSTL). In contrast, the FNs for producers with high risk aversion were generally lower than those of SSTL. The SSTL-recommended rates were most appropriate for producers with medium risk aversion. The study found no single combination of timing and method of fertilizer-N placement to be superior in all cases. Spring and fall banding generally provided higher net margins than broadcasting fertilizer N when SW and wheat prices were high, whereas spring broadcasting was best when SW and wheat prices were lower. The economic benefit from snow trapping averaged $9–$32 ha−1 depending on FN and wheat price; however, there was little benefit or a small loss in some years when infiltration of meltwater was low or winter snowfall was minimal.Key words: Yield, fertilizer N, soil water, optimum rates, riskiness, profit

EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT SEEDING MACHINES ON SPRING WHEAT PRODUCTION UNDER VARIOUS CONDITIONS OF STUBBLE RESIDUE AND SOIL COMPACTION IN NO-TILL ROTATIONS

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. LINDWALL ◽  
D. T. ANDERSON
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
No Till ◽  
Seed Placement ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Chemical Fallow

The effectiveness of several commercial seeders and an experimental triple-disc press drill was assessed on a silt loam soil at Lethbridge over a 7-yr period on fields receiving chemical weed control instead of tillage between crops. The double- and triple-disc press drills generally failed to penetrate untilled surfaces adequately when soil bulk density in the upper 5 cm exceeded about 1.2 g/cm3 or when the quantity of surface residue exceeded about 3,700 kg/ha. Hoe openers penetrated the soil but failed to clear heavy residues when stubble and straw lengths were excessive (> 25 cm). In 2 of the 7 yr, yields of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) on small plots seeded with the double- and triple-disc drills were superior to those seeded with the wide-spaced hoe drill (1,159 vs. 721 kg/ha in 1969, and 667 vs. 573 kg/ha in 1973). Yield differences were primarily due to wild oats (Avena fatua L.), which germinated because of the tillage action of hoe openers, in ridge areas between rows and which, despite the use of herbicides, seriously reduced yields from wide-spaced rows (23 and 36 cm). In the other years, yields were similar for all seeding methods. On 0.4-ha chemical fallow fields, yields were up to 51% lower within sprayer wheel traffic areas (bulk densities of 1.2 g/cm3 or greater in the 0- to 5-cm soil layer) because of shallow seed placement when double-disc drills were used but not when hoe drills were used.

The effect of the environment on the grain colour and quality of commercially grown Canada hard white spring wheat, Triticum aestivum L. ‘Snowbird’

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Odean M. Lukow ◽  
Kathy Adams ◽  
Jerry Suchy ◽  
Ron M. DePauw ◽  
Gavin Humphreys
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
White Wheat ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Hard White Wheat ◽  
Grain Colour

Lukow, O. M., Adams, K., Suchy, J., DePauw, R. M. and Humphreys, G. 2013. The effect of the environment on the grain colour and quality of commercially grown Canada hard white spring wheat, Triticum aestivum L. ‘Snowbird’. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 1–11. One of the main advantages of hard white wheat is its lighter grain colour, which can produce visually appealing lighter-coloured end-products. However, grain colour variation can be a concern due to a lack of consistency. This study was carried out to determine the effect of the environment on commercially grown hard white wheat grain colour and wheat grading. More than 1100 samples of the cultivar Snowbird were collected from elevators across western Canada during the 2003 to 2007 crop years. Grain and wholemeal colours were recorded using the CIE L* a* b* scale. Samples were analyzed for grain properties including dimensions, hardness and protein content. Variation in grain colour was mostly attributed to annual fluctuations in climatic conditions (71–79%) and agro-climates (13–18%). Grain ranged in colour from white and bright to dark grey-red. Grain brightness was very highly correlated with grain yellowness. Grain a* and b* were inversely related to grade indicating that higher quality grain was redder and more yellow than lower grades. Warmer and drier environments showed reduced grain yields but produced on average better quality grain with higher protein content.

Effect of Herbicides on Field Violet (Viola arvensis) in Direct-Seeded Spring Wheat

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rory F. Degenhardt ◽  
Dean Spaner ◽  
K. Neil Harker ◽  
William R. Mcgregor ◽  
Linda M. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
Direct Seeded ◽  
Cereal Fields

The agrestal field violet, a pervasive weed in Europe, has been identified in reduced-tillage cereal fields in Alberta. The efficacy of herbicides in direct-seeded spring wheat was assessed on natural field violet infestations in Alberta in 2002 and 2003. Only fluroxypyr + 2,4-D, applied postemergence, provided control of field violet in 2002 when rainfall was limiting. Over both years, this herbicide combination reduced biomass by 59 to 69% and plant density by 83 to 91%, relative to nontreated plots. The herbicides metsulfuron, sulfosulfuron, and thifensulfuron + tribenuron only suppressed weed growth under drought conditions in 2002 but controlled the weed in 2003 when rainfall was greater, reducing plant density by 82 to 92% and rendering remaining plants sterile. Suppression was also observed with MCPA + mecoprop + dicamba in 2002 and 2003 and with metribuzin only in 2003. Effective control of field violet was conferred by a pre–crop emergence application of glyphosate at 445 g ae/ha in 2003, the only year that this treatment was evaluated. Activity of herbicides on three- to four-leaf seedlings was also evaluated in a greenhouse dose– response assay. All herbicides had greater efficacy in the greenhouse, and those that provided control in situ reduced field violet dry weight by 85% at less than the recommended rate used in field experiments. Management of field violet is possible with herbicides registered for use on spring wheat in Alberta. However, the weed does not appear to cause significant crop production losses; hence, herbicide selection should be based on knowledge of all weed species present within the field.

HARVEST INDEX AS A SELECTION CRITERION FOR GRAIN YIELD IN TWO SPRING WHEAT CROSSES GROWN AT TWO POPULATION DENSITIES

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 1141-1146 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. G. NASS
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Selection Criterion ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Population Densities

The use of harvest index as a selection criterion for grain yield in F2 populations of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown at two population densities was investigated. Harvest index was useful in delineating yield differences between lines for both crosses. The F4 lines selected in F2 for a high harvest index yielded about 9% more per plot in 1978 than F4 lines having a low harvest index in F2. Generally, lines selected at the higher commercial seeding rate yielded more than lines selected at the lower plant density. In 1979, a heavy Fusarium infection reduced the mean grain yield of the F6 lines and suppressed any significant response to selection resulting from population density and harvest index in F2. While selection based on high harvest index at low population density can be used to select higher yielding plants it was not as effective as selection at high population density which more closely approximates commercial crop densities. Additional research is needed before the use of harvest index as a selection tool in wheat breeding programs can be recommended for use in Atlantic Canada.

Stettler hard red spring wheat

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 945-951 ◽  
Author(s):  
R M DePauw ◽  
R E Knox ◽  
F R Clarke ◽  
J M Clarke ◽  
T N McCaig
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Doubled Haploid ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽  
Volume Weight ◽  
Grain Volume Weight ◽  
End Use

Based on 34 replicated trials over 3 yr, Stettler, a doubled haploid hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), expressed significantly higher grain yield than all checks except Superb. Wheat and flour protein concentration were significantly greater than all of the checks except Lillian. It matured significantly later than AC Barrie and Katepwa but earlier than Superb. Stettler was significantly shorter than all of the checks except Superb and was more resistant to lodging than Katepwa and Laura. Stettler had high grain volume weight and intermediate kernel weight relative to the checks, and meets the end-use quality specifications of the Canada Western Red Spring wheat market class. Stettler expressed resistance to prevalent races of stem rust, common bunt and loose smut, with moderate susceptibility to prevalent races of leaf rust and fusarium head blight.Key words: Triticum aestivum L., cultivar description, grain yield, protein, disease resistance, doubled haploid

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