TRUNK GROWTH OF APPLE TREE AS AFFECTED BY CROP LOAD

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 1383-1391 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. WEBSTER ◽  
G. L. BROWN
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Linear Function ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Size Increase ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Crop Load

Increase in mean trunk circumference (ΔC, cm) of 8- to 17-yr-old McIntosh/M.7 apple trees was a linear function of mean crop load (K, kg/cm2). A linear relationship between ΔC and K implies that, for a given initial tree size, increase in trunk cross-sectional area will be nearly linear with yield.

scholarly journals Cropping Efficiency of Young `Fuji' Apple Trees

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 886A-886
Author(s):  
Preston K. Andrews ◽  
Margaret L. Collier
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Crop Load ◽  
Previous Season ◽  
Crop Density ◽  
Fuji Apple

Effects of crop load and time of thinning on productivity of young `Fuji'/M.9 apple trees were tested by hand blossom (B) or fruit (F) thinning to two crop densities (fruit number/trunk cross-sectional area). Heavy (H) crop densities resulted in higher yields in both 2nd and 3rd leaf than light (L) crop densities. Time of thinning had no effect on yields in either year. In the 2nd leaf, fruit size was largest from trees B thinned to L crop densities, and smallest from trees F thinned to either crop density from mid-June through harvest. Both 1° and 2° vegetative growth were greatest in noncropped trees, intermediate in trees with L crops, and least in trees with H crops. Noncropped 2nd-1eaf trees had the highest flowering indices (flower clusters/100 total buds) the following spring and H cropped trees had the lowest. The flowering index was higher when trees were B thinned in the 2nd leaf than when F thinned. In the 3rd leaf, fruit size was largest when borne on weak upright shoots, intermediate on spurs, and smallest on 1-year-old terminal wood. Fruit on spurs had the highest incidence of sunscald (17%) and fruit on weak upright shoots the lowest (8%). Previous-season crop densities affected current-season's vegetative and fruit growth.

scholarly journals The Nonlinear Relationship Between Psoas Cross-sectional Area and BMI: A New Observation and Its Insights into Diabetes Remission After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaobo Li ◽  
Haoyong Yu ◽  
Pin Zhang ◽  
Yinfang Tu ◽  
Yunfeng Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Bypass ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Diabetes Remission ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Design And Methods

OBJECTIVE <p>To<a> explore the potential relevance of muscle mass as a variable contributor to body mass index (BMI) on BMI limitations in predicting diabetes remission (DR) after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). </a></p> <p> </p> <p>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS</p> <p>We evaluated the relationship between muscle mass and BMI in 501 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and overweight or obesity. Of which <a>186 patients who underwent R</a>YGB were <a>studied to determine the role of baseline muscle mass </a><a>and BMI </a>in predicting DR. Muscle mass was assessed by estimated fat-free mass index (eFFMI) and psoas cross-sectional area (CSA).</p> <p> </p> <p>RESULTS</p> <p>A non-linear relationship existed between psoas CSA and BMI, whereas psoas CSA showed a highly positive correlation with <a>eFFMI</a>. Baseline psoas CSA and eFFMI were better than BMI for predicting 1- and 5-year DR. </p> <p> </p> <p>CONCLUSIONS</p> <p><a>The </a><a>non-linear relationship between</a> muscle mass and BMI may <a>partially contribute to </a><a>BMI limitations in predicting DR</a> after RYGB. </p>

scholarly journals RELATIONSHIPS OF LEAF AREA AND TRUNK DIAMETER OF APPLE TREES AFFECTED BY ROOTSTOCK AN D CULTIVAR

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 1169c-1169
Author(s):  
Curt R. Rom ◽  
Renae E. Moran
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Old Trees

Trunk cross-sectional area (TCA) has been used to estimate leaf area (LA) and yield efficiency but variation in LA and TCA relationships have been unexplored. LA and TCA of 10-yr-old 'Starkspur Supreme Delicious' on 9 rootstocks (STKs) were measured in 1989. LA and TCA of 2-yr-old trees of 3 cultivars (CVs) on 5 STKs were measured in 1991. Regression of LA and TCA was performed for each CV, STK and each CV/STK. On mature trees, LA varied significantly with STK. The number and LA of shoot leaves (LVS) and spur LVS varied with STK but the % of total was not significantly different (approx. 52% spur LVS). The relationships of LA and TCA were linear for mature (r2=.94) and young (r2=.44) trees. On young trees, TCA varied with CV, but LA did not. Both LA and TCA were significantly different among STKs. The linear relationships of LA and TCA had unique intercepts with each CV, STK and CV/STK combination but slopes were not significantly different. Leaf area of Jonagold' and 'Gala' tended to increase more with increasing TCA than 'Empire'.

scholarly journals Growth and Fruiting of Apple Trees on Dwarf and Semi-dwarf Rootstocks in Different High-density Orchards

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 473B-473
Author(s):  
A.S. Devyatov
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
High Density ◽  
Normal Density ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Very High ◽  
Dwarf Rootstocks

An orchard trial was established by planting an orchard with between-row intervals of 4 m. The French Axe was trained for trees with intervals in the row of 1 and 1.5 m. The hedgerow was used for treatments of 2–2.5 and 3 m between trees in the row. Semi-dwarf rootstock of Bud54-118 and dwarf one Bud62-396 were used. The growth of of these rootstocks was analogous to MM106 and M26, respectively. The trunk cross-sectional area of 7-year trees on 54-118 rootstock was 2.3 times more than on 62-396 for cv. Antey and 1.5 times more for cv. Tellisaare. The height of tree with French Axe crown at 7 years after planting on 54-118 rootstock reached 3.5–4 m. The height of tree was 0.5 m smaller on 62-396. The crown habit of tree on 62-396 rootstock was more comfortable for high -density orchard than trees on 54-118. The sum length of twigs that were cut out during 1993–96 to attain of normal density of crown was 2-4 times more than on 62-396 rootstock. Commercial fruiting of cv. Antey started at the 3rd leaf, but it was on 4th leaf for the more-dwarf rootstock 62-396. Average yield of fruit at 3–6 years after planting of cv. Antey for treatment of distance between trees in the row of 2 or 1.5 m was 6.8 kg/tree per year-1 for 54-118 rootstock, 3.4 and 3.5, respectively, for 62-396 rootstock. Yield at the 7th year after planting reached 24 and 32 kg on 54-118 rootstock, 16 and 15 kg on 62-396, respectively. Analogous date obtained for cv. Tellisa are. cv. Spartan on both rootstocks started to fruiting at 5-6 years after planting. The fruit quality was very high in all treatments of the trial.

scholarly journals Yield, PFD Interception, and Crop Load Relationships in `Royal Gala' Apples

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 1010A-1010
Author(s):  
Victor Garcia de Cortazar ◽  
Gabino Reginato
Keyword(s):  
Central Zone ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Crop Load ◽  
Average Fraction ◽  
High Production ◽  
Simple Equations ◽  
Tree Fruits

Three different parameters were tested to estimate yield in `Royal Gala' apples. These are: a) parameters related to crop load—fruits per tree, fruits per cm2 of branch cross-sectional area, and fruits per hectare; b) parameters related with PFD interception: average fraction of PFD intercepted, total PFD intercepted during the season; and c) combination of the parameters a) and b). The data set was composed of measurements of PFD interception once a month and of yield components on various commercial apple orchards of the variety `Royal Gala' in the central zone of Chile between 2003 and 2006. The orchards were managed for high production, but there were differences of plantation distance, age, and size between them. Also, inside the orchard there were differences between trees. For the trees studied, there were variations of a factor of 10 for crop load, branch cross-sectional area, and tree size estimated as fractional interception of PFD at the beginning of the season. In spite of the big differences between trees, simple equations were fitted between yield and load parameters with coefficients of determination >0.95. Research funded by FONDECYT-Chile grant 1930695.

PERFORMANCE OF McINTOSH APPLE TREES SPRAYED WITH CAPTAN, DODINE OR PRE-COVER AND COVER SPRAYS OF DICHLONE

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 655-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Ross ◽  
A. D. Crowe ◽  
R. P. Longley
Keyword(s):  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Color ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
One Year

A five-year study was conducted on the effect of captan, dodine and dichlone on the performance of mature McIntosh apple trees. There were no significant differences in yield, trunk cross-sectional area, amount of bloom, fruit size and fruit color. Dodine injured 0.5% of the fruit in one year of the test and pre-cover sprays of dichlone caused some fruit russeting. The results indicate that any harmful effect of dichlone on yield occurs from pre-cover applications, or pre-cover followed by cover sprays.

scholarly journals Growth and yield of sweet cherry trees on different roostocks

1999 ◽  
Vol 5 (3-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Hrotkó ◽  
L. Magyar ◽  
G. Simon
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Biennial Bearing ◽  
Similar Tendency

The first nine years' results of sweet cherry rootstock trial from Hungary are presented with the aim to select efficient rootstocks for the local ecological conditions. The trials were established in 1989 with 'Van' and 'Germersdorfi óriás' cultivars on the following rootstocks: mahaleb Sainte Lucie 64, Colt, MxM 14, MxM 97. All the trees were headed at 80 cm and trained to a modified Brunner-spindle system. Tree size and yield was measured every year, and the cumulative yield efficiency was calculated. Based upon the results, mahaleb cherry SL 64 is a vigorous rootstock with good compatibility and productivity. In comparison to SL 64. the trunk cross-sectional area and canopy spread of the 'Van' trees decreased by 10-15% on rootstock Colt, while the trees of 'Germersdorfi orias' on Colt roostock grew even larger than on SL 64. Considerable 30-40 % reduction of tree size was achieved on trees grafted on M x M hybrids. Trees of `Germersdorfi óriás' showed a similar tendency without significant differences. The cumulative yield efficiency of `Van' trees after nine years was highest on rootstock MxM 14, followed by Sainte Lucie 64. Trees on Colt and MxM 97 rootstocks showed low productivity. `Germersdorfi óriás' produced the highest cumulative yield efficiency on SL 64, followed by MxM 14 and Colt and last MxM 97. Biennial bearing index of heavy cropping 'Van' trees was smaller than that of `Germersdorfi óriás'. The trees of 'Van' on MxM 97 showed higher biennial bearing index, while 'Germersdorfi orias' on different rootstocks showed similar tendency, but without significant differences. MxM 14 and MxM 97 rootstocks reduced the crotch angle of the shoots on both sweet cherry varieties which is disadvantegous to spindle training. Slight suckering (1-3/year) of the rootstocks Colt, MxM 14 and MxM 97 were observed during the first few years.

scholarly journals The Nonlinear Relationship Between Psoas Cross-sectional Area and BMI: A New Observation and Its Insights into Diabetes Remission After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaobo Li ◽  
Haoyong Yu ◽  
Pin Zhang ◽  
Yinfang Tu ◽  
Yunfeng Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Bypass ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Diabetes Remission ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Design And Methods

OBJECTIVE <p>To<a> explore the potential relevance of muscle mass as a variable contributor to body mass index (BMI) on BMI limitations in predicting diabetes remission (DR) after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). </a></p> <p> </p> <p>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS</p> <p>We evaluated the relationship between muscle mass and BMI in 501 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and overweight or obesity. Of which <a>186 patients who underwent R</a>YGB were <a>studied to determine the role of baseline muscle mass </a><a>and BMI </a>in predicting DR. Muscle mass was assessed by estimated fat-free mass index (eFFMI) and psoas cross-sectional area (CSA).</p> <p> </p> <p>RESULTS</p> <p>A non-linear relationship existed between psoas CSA and BMI, whereas psoas CSA showed a highly positive correlation with <a>eFFMI</a>. Baseline psoas CSA and eFFMI were better than BMI for predicting 1- and 5-year DR. </p> <p> </p> <p>CONCLUSIONS</p> <p><a>The </a><a>non-linear relationship between</a> muscle mass and BMI may <a>partially contribute to </a><a>BMI limitations in predicting DR</a> after RYGB. </p>

scholarly journals Yield efficiency for nine apple cultivars grafted on two rootstocks

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 1701-1706 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Caetano Fioravanço ◽  
Ana Beatriz Costa Czermainski ◽  
Paulo Ricardo Dias de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Apple Tree ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
The Third ◽  
Apple Cultivars

ABSTRACT: Currently, using smaller trees is one of the most important trends in apple cultivation. It is expected that reduced size plants produce lower amount of fruit, but with high yield and yield efficiency. The aim of this study was to evaluate the yield efficiency (YE) of nine apple tree cultivars, grafted on two rootstocks, from the second to the seventh year after planting. The YE indexes oscillated from one to the other year, regardless of rootstock. Correlations between YE and yield per tree and between YE and trunk cross sectional area (TCSA) confirmed that efficiency can be increased by the production increment or by the plant's vigor reduction. The usefulness of cumulative YE (ƩYE) is highlighted to compare apple tree cultivars after the third year of production. The highest ƩYE indexes were observed for 'Royal Gala' and 'Baigent', on M-9 rootstock, and for 'Gala Real' and 'Maxi-Gala', on Marubakaido/M-9 rootstock.

scholarly journals Thinning Tall Spindle Apple Based on Estimations Made With a Hand-thinning Gauge

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 830-835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M. Kon ◽  
James R. Schupp
Keyword(s):  
Branch Length ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Adjustment Factor ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Crop Load ◽  
Crop Density ◽  
Whole Tree ◽  
June Drop

Trials were conducted in 2009 and 2010 to evaluate the use of a hand-thinning gauge [Equilifruit; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Montpelier, France] on three cultivars of apple (Malus ×domestica) trees trained to tall spindle. Hand-thinning treatments were applied after June drop to trees with supra-optimal crop loads. Three hand-thinning treatments were applied using the hand-thinning gauge: 1) thinning to ≈6 fruit/cm2 branch cross-sectional area (BCSA) (F value), 2) subtracting the delta value [Δ (an adjustment factor to increase or decrease the number of fruit per BCSA] from the F value (F − Δ), and 3) F − 2Δ. These treatments were compared with a control and a traditional hand-thinning heuristic of spacing a solitary fruit every 7 to 8 inches of branch length. Use of the hand-thinning gauge generally improved fruit weight and maintained whole tree yields when compared with the control. Hand-thinning based upon traditional fruit-spacing heuristics reduced crop density and increased final fruit weight of apple, but significant reductions in yield were observed in two of four studies when compared with the control. We find the hand-thinning gauge a useful tool in adjusting final crop load of apple.

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