ASSESSMENT OF TURFGRASSES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF Pratylenchus penetrans and Paratylenchus projectus IN ORCHARDS

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. TOWNSHEND ◽  
R. A. CLINE ◽  
V. A. DIRKS ◽  
C. F. MARKS
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Pratylenchus Penetrans ◽  
Root Lesion Nematode ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Poa Trivialis ◽  
Lesion Nematode

The capacity of 18 turfgrasses to repress the multiplication of root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus penetrans Cobb, was tested in a growth room. Populations varied from 230 nematodes per pot on Agrostis alba L. to 1800 per pot on Poa trivialis L. Selected grass species and cultivars were tested as cover crops in established peach, plum, and apple orchards at Vineland from 1975 to 1980. Average population levels of the root-lesion nematode and the pin nematode, Paratylenchus projectus Jenkins, did not build up substantially during this period. Tall fescue, F. arundinacea (Schreb.), had the lowest average nematode population levels as a grass cover. Tall fescue and creeping red fescue, F. rubra L., were more effective in suppressing nematodes than Kentucky bluegrass, Poa pratensis L., and orchardgrass, Dactylis glomerata L..Key words: Apple, plum, peach, root-lesion, pin-nematodes

EFFECTS OF SOIL MANAGEMENT ON NUMBERS OF THE ROOT-LESION NEMATODE PRATYLENCHUS PENETRANS IN SOILS OF ONTARIO PEACH ORCHARDS

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-185
Author(s):  
C. F. MARKS ◽  
W. J. SAIDAK ◽  
P. W. JOHNSON
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Pratylenchus Penetrans ◽  
Root Lesion Nematode ◽  
Entire Area ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Lesion Nematode

The use of herbicides and cover crops in peach orchards influenced the numbers of the root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus penetrans, in Fox sandy loam soils. Plots treated over the entire area with the herbicide combination of paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion) and linuron (3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea) had the smallest number of P. penetrans in the soil. The soil management practice used by many Ontario growers, clean cultivation until 1 July followed by a weed cover, resulted in the largest numbers of nematodes in the soil. Creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) as a cover crop retarded the rate of increase of P. penetrans numbers in the soil but Sudan grass (Sorghum vulgare cult sudanense Hitchc.) did not. Weed control practices that permitted a temporary re-establishment of weed covers, did not retard the increase of P. penetrans numbers. Use of paraquat plus linuron to limit weed growth in the tree rows coupled with a permanent cover of creeping red fescue between the rows appears to be an effective way of retarding increases of P. penetrans numbers in peach orchards. Soil management systems that incorporate these features may be of practical value to Ontario peach growers.

scholarly journals Additional Host Plants of Four Species of Billbug Found on New Jersey Turfgrasses

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 608-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer M. Johnson-Cicalese ◽  
C.R. Funk
Keyword(s):  
New Jersey ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Red Fescue

Studies were conducted on the host plants of four billbug species (Coleoptera:Curculionidae: Sphenophorus parvulus Gyllenhal, S. venatus Chitt., S. inaequalis Say, and S. minimus Hart) found on New Jersey turfgrasses. A collection of 4803 adults from pure stands of various turfgrasses revealed all four billbugs on Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), and S. parvulus, S. venatus, and S. minimus on Chewings fescue (F. rubra L. ssp. commutata Gaud.). Since the presence of larvae, pupae, or teneral adults more accurately indicates the host status of a grass species, immature billbugs were collected from plugs of the various grass species and reared to adults for identification. All four species were reared from immature billbugs found in Kentucky bluegrass turf; immatures of S. venatus, S. inaequalis, and S. minimus were found in tall fescue; S. venatus and S. minimus in perennial ryegrass; and S. inaequalis in strong creeping red fescue (F. rubra L. ssp. rubra). A laboratory experiment was also conducted in which billbug adults were confined in petri dishes with either Kentucky bluegrass, perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, or bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon Pers.). Only minor differences were found between the four grasses in billbug survival, number of eggs laid, and amount of feeding. In general, bermudagrass was the least favored host and the other grasses were equally adequate hosts. The results of this study indicate a need for updating host-plant lists of these four billbug species.

Germination of Seeds of Turfgrasses as Affected by Glyphosate and Paraquat

Weed Science ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dayton L. Klingman ◽  
J. J. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Festuca Rubra ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Grass Turf

Effects of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] and paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion) on turfgrass seed germination were evaluated in the greenhouse. Glyphosate caused little effect on germination of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), red fescue (Festuca rubra L.), and tall fescue (F. arundinacea Schreb.) when applied to the soil immediately before seeding or when applied directly over the seed on the soil surface. Paraquat sprayed directly over the seed on the soil surface prevented germination of most of the seeds of the three grass species. Covering seeds on the soil surface with clippings from grass turf sprayed with paraquat greatly reduced germination. About half of those that germinated either died later or were severely chlorotic. Covering seeds on the surface of the soil with clippings from turf that had been sprayed with glyphosate did not significantly reduce the number of seedlings established.

scholarly journals Yield of ‘Superior’ potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) and dynamics of root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus penetrans) populations following “nematode suppressive” cover crops and fumigation

2005 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.W. McKeown ◽  
J.W.. Potter
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Potato Crop ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Pratylenchus Penetrans ◽  
Root Lesion Nematode ◽  
Lesion Nematode ◽  
Sorghum Sudangrass

Studies were conducted at Simcoe, Ontario from 1992 to 1996 to evaluate various cover crop species as possible alternatives to fumigation prior to potatoes (Solanum tuberosum). Cereal rye (Secale cereale), a common overwinter cover crop in vegetable production systems, is an excellent host for the root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus penetrans) and provides a suitable overwintering host on coarse sandy soils. Vorlex Plus CP and Telone IIB fumigants were compared to 'Domo' mustard (Brassica juncea) for the 1993 and 1994 potato crop years. Rye plus red clover (Trifolium pratense) was included as a known host cover crop system. Cyanogenic plants including 'Domo' mustard (1994) or 'Cutlass' mustard (1995, 1996), 'Forge' canola (Brassica rapa), 'Sordan 79' and 'Trudan 8' sorghum-sudangrass hybrids (Sorghum bicolor), and flax (Linum usitatissimum) were compared to Vorlex Plus CP fumigant and 'NK557' sorghum (Sorghum vulgare) for effects on potato yield and nematodes. Shallow (15 cm) and deep (45 cm) fumigation with Vorlex Plus CP were also compared prior to potatoes for the 1994 to 1996 crop years. There was little detectable difference in percent or days to 50% emergence of potatoes following any treatment. Highest total and marketable yields resulted from Telone IIB fumigation, then Vorlex Plus CP fumigation and 'Domo' mustard, followed by control and rye plus red clover cover. Populations of nematodes surpassed the threshold of 1000 kg-1 soil in all treatments and were highest in potatoes following rye plus red clover. Yield and nematode control following sorghum-sudangrass hybrids and mustards appeared to be intermediate between fumigated and not fumigated. All of the cover crops appeared to be root-lesion nematode hosts in the field, and reduction of population levels appeared to result after incorporation or nematode winterkill. Nematode mortality was excellent with fumigation and next best from kill over the winter after 'Sordan 79' incorporation. 'Sordan 79' grown over at least part of the summer followed by incorporation was an alternative to fumigation prior to potatoes. Deep chiselling appears to reduce nematode population, possibly by physical action. Where nematode populations warrant, deep fumigation prior to potatoes appears to be of merit.

scholarly journals Change over Time in Quality and Cover of Various Turfgrass Species and Cultivars Maintained in Shade

2002 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.S. Gardner ◽  
J.A. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Percentage Cover ◽  
Supplemental Irrigation ◽  
Red Fescue

In 1992, a cultivar trial was initiated in Columbus, Ohio to evaluate differences in establishment and long-term performance of cultivars of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), creeping red fescue (F. rubra), chewings fescue (F. rubra ssp. fallax), hard fescue (F. brevipila), kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), rough bluegrass (P. trivialis), and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) under low maintenance conditions in a shaded environment. Fertilizer and supplemental irrigation were applied until 1994 to establish the grasses, after which no supplemental irrigation, or pesticides were applied and fertilizer rates were reduced to 48.8 kg·ha-1 (1 lb/1000 ft2) of N per year. Percentage cover and overall quality data were collected in 2000 and compared with data collected in 1994. Initial establishment success does not appear to be a good predictor of long-term success of a cultivar in a shaded environment. There was some variability in cultivar performance under shade within a given turfgrass species. The tall fescue cultivars, as a group, had the highest overall quality and percentage cover under shade, followed by the fine fescues, kentucky bluegrass, rough bluegrass, and perennial ryegrass cultivars.

COLD HARDINESS AND ICE TOLERANCE OF PASTURE GRASSES GROWN AND TESTED IN CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENTS

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 601-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. E. GUDLEIFSSON ◽  
C. J. ANDREWS ◽  
H. BJORNSSON
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Freezing Resistance ◽  
Reed Canarygrass ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Wide Range

A number of forage grass species were tested for cold hardiness and ice tolerance after growth and cold hardening under controlled conditions. Tests exposing cold-hardened plants to a single level of stress separated species into statistically similar groups but, in a number of cases, the stress was not sufficient to kill plants so the true cultivar rankings were obscured. Derivation of the 50% kill point from a wide range of levels of stress served to identify cold hardiness and ice tolerance levels of cultivars of 10 species. Ranked according to the most hardy cultivar of the species tested were: timothy (Phleum pratense L.), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), meadow foxtail (Alopecurus pratensis L.), red fescue (Festuca rubra L.), meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis L.), tufted hairgrass (Deschampsia caespitosa L.), creeping foxtail (Alopecurus arundinaceus L.), berings hairgrass (Deschampsia beringensis L.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinaceae). LT50 values varied from −15.7 °C for timothy to −4.7 °C for reed canarygrass. Cold hardiness and ice tolerance were only loosely associated (r = 0.36). The most ice-tolerant species were berings and tufted hairgrasses and timothy with LI50 values of 50, 39 and 44 d, respectively.Key words: Acclimation, encasement, freezing, resistance

scholarly journals 279 Influence of NaCl on Seed Germination of Selected Cool-season Turfgrass Species

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 490D-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hoon Kang ◽  
Chiwon W. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Crested Wheatgrass ◽  
Red Fescue

The influence of increasing levels (0.0%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, 1.2%, 1.6%, and 2.0%) of NaCl on the germination of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), and crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum) was investigated. Kentucky bluegrass, creeping bentgrass, and crested wheatgrass had a 50% reduction in germination at 0.2%, 0.6%, and 0.6% NaCl, respectively, compared to the control and completely lost germination at 0.6%, 1.2%, and 1.6% NaCl, respectively. Seed germination in both annual ryegrass and perennial ryegrass was only 50% of the control at 1.2% NaCl and completely inhibited at 2.0% NaCl. Tall fescue, red fescue, and creeping red fescue showed a 50% reduction in germination at NaCl concentrations of 1.2%, 1.2%, and 0.8%, respectively, while showing a complete inhibition of germination at 2.0%, 2.0%, and 1.6% NaCl, respectively.

scholarly journals The Use of Soil Amendments to Improve Survival of Roadside Grasses

HortScience ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 1404-1410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Nelson Brown ◽  
Josef H. Gorres
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Rhode Island ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Red Fescue

Highway rights-of-way are routinely planted with turfgrasses to prevent erosion, filter runoff, and improve aesthetics. However, the roadside is a harsh environment, and perennial grasses often die within the first year, leading to bare ground and annual weeds, which do not prevent erosion during the winter. To improve the survival of perennial vegetation on the roadside, it is necessary to identify the factors limiting vegetation growth and then to either identify plants that can tolerate those factors or identify ways to ameliorate the stresses while still maintaining safety. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of improved cultivars, salt tolerance, and organic matter amendments on perennial grass survival along two highways in Rhode Island. The amendments tested were processed biosolids and composted yard waste, each applied in a 50:50 mixture by volume with existing roadside soil; plain soil was included as a control. We tested 20 improved turfgrass cultivars and one seed mixture with common creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) as the standard. Turfgrass species tested were perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), red fescue, alkali grass [Puccinellia distans (Jacq.) Parl.], idaho bentgrass (Agrostis idahoensis Nash), tufted hairgrass [Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) P. Beauv.], and kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). We found that soil amendment was more effective than either improved genetics or salt tolerance. Establishment, vertical growth, and persistence of vegetation cover were significantly improved by amendment with organic matter, particularly biosolids. In Summer 2009 (the second growing season), turf cover exceeded 50% in the biosolids plots but was below 20% in the plain soil plots with complete loss of cover in the plain soil plots at one location. Kentucky bluegrass, tall fescue, red fescue, and idaho bentgrass showed the best persistence at the species level, and there were no consistent differences among cultivars.

scholarly journals Cover Crops Resistant to Root-lesion Nematodes in Raspberry

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 1195-1198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thierry Vrain ◽  
Robyn DeYoung ◽  
John Hall ◽  
Stan Freyman
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Pratylenchus Penetrans ◽  
Nematode Density ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Lesion Nematodes ◽  
Lesion Nematode ◽  
Root Lesion Nematodes

Cover crops used in red raspberry plantings (Rubus idaeus L.) are often good hosts of the root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus penetrans Filipjev & Sch. Stekoven), a major soilborne pathogen of raspberry. The effects of two susceptible cover crops, white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), planted in between rows, on nematode density and growth of raspberry plants were compared to those of three cover crops resistant to the nematode: redtop (Agrostis alba L.), creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L.), and `Saia' oat (Avena sativa L.). Nematode multiplication in raspberry roots and in cover crop roots was assessed over 4 years. Growth and vigor of plants were estimated at the end of the experiment by counting primocanes and determining height and biomass. Nematode multiplication was suppressed in roots of `Saia' oat, fescue, and redtop compared to barley or white clover. Nematode density in roots and rhizosphere soil of raspberry was not affected by the choice of cover crops. Nematode suppression in the three resistant cover crops did not translate into increased vigor of raspberry plants.

Response of Monocotyledons to BAS 9052 OH

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideo Hosaka ◽  
Hideo Inaba ◽  
Hisao Ishikawa
Keyword(s):  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Tropical Species ◽  
Festuca Rubra ◽  
Subsequent Growth ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Annual Bluegrass ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Poa Trivialis

Postemergence applications of BAS 9052 OH, {2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one}, at 0.25 and 0.5 kg ai/ha were made to 27 temperate and 28 tropical species ofGramineae. Annual bluegrass (Poa annuaL. ♯3POAAN) and rattail fescue (Festuca myurosL. ♯ VLPMY) were resistant to these rates of BAS 9052 OH. Five species of fescue and three species of bluegrass received postemergence applications of BAS 9052 OH at rates of 0.1 to 6.4 kg ai/ha. The germination of seeds and the subsequent growth of the seedlings of these species as influenced by various concentrations of BAS 9052 OH were also studied. Meadow fescue (Festuca pratensisHuds. ♯ FESPR), tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceaSchreb. ♯ FESAR), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensisL. ♯ POAPR), and rough-stalked meadowgrass (Poa trivialisL. ♯ POATR) were most susceptible; annual bluegrass was somewhat less resistant; hard fescue (Festuca longifoliaThuill) was resistant; red fescue (Festuca rubraL. ♯ FESRU) and rattail fescue were very resistant.

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