Evaluation of winter wheat management practices under semi-arid conditions

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. P. Lafond
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Fungicide Application ◽  
Residual Nitrogen ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Semi Arid ◽  
Growing Season Precipitation

A study was conducted to evaluate European cereal management techniques in winter wheat under semi-arid growing conditions. Combinations of rates and split applications of ammonium nitrate fertilizer with a plant growth regulator and/or a late season fungicide application were investigated using no-till "stubbled-in" production practices in two winter wheat cultivars, Norwin and Norstar at two locations over 3 yr. Nitrogen fertilizer gave the maximum yield when it was applied in mid-April. Split applications of nitrogen did not improve grain yields or grain protein concentration. A height reduction was observed with the use of plant growth regulators in both cultivars but no benefits were incurred due to the lack of lodging. The late season fungicide application had some effect on increasing kernel weight in both cultivars but rarely translated into a higher yield. Nitrogen and growing conditions had the largest effects on yield and the dilemma faced by producers is to correctly match nitrogen rates with environmental conditions given that the nitrogen has to be applied early in the spring. Available spring soil moisture and soil residual nitrogen provided little help in determining the rate of nitrogen giving the maximum economic yield because assumptions on growing season precipitation have to be made. It is suggested that nitrogen management be based on a risk analysis which would involve determining the probability of different levels of growing season precipitation for various climatic zones and soil types and the corresponding yield levels expected. Rates of nitrogen fertilizer would then be adjusted according to soil residual nitrogen levels and the risk the producer is willing to assume. This will require more extensive research and development of crop production models.Key words: Nitrogen fertilizer, Triticum aestivum L., intensive cereal management, propiconazole, chlormequat chloride, ethephon

Trap Strip and Field Border Modification for Management of the Wheat Stem Sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae)

2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendell L. Morrill ◽  
David K. Weaver ◽  
Gregory D. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Production System ◽  
Wheat Cultivar ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Border Effect ◽  
Wheat Stem Sawfly ◽  
New Crops ◽  
Wheat Stubble ◽  
Summer Fallow ◽  
Semi Arid

The alternate-year summer fallow wheat production system predominates in the semi-arid prairie regions of Montana. These farms consist of the current crop and idle fields in which the previous year's crop was located. Larvae of the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), overwinter in post-harvest wheat stubble. Adults appear and disperse to new crops during the following growing season. Adults begin oviposition as soon as suitable hosts are encountered; therefore, larval infestations usually are concentrated along field borders. We tested several types of trap strips as intercepts to reduce dispersion of adult sawflies into fields. The most successful system was a fall-planted winter wheat trap that protected spring-planted wheat. These trap strips utilized the “border effect” as well as the higher attractiveness of the earlier maturing winter wheat. In another trial, losses were reduced by planting a semi-resistant solid-stemmed wheat cultivar within the border of a comparatively higher yielding hollow-stemmed cultivar.

Vegetation indices as a proxy for spatio-temporal variations in water availability in the semi-arid Rio Santa valley (Callejón de Huaylas, Peru)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenz Hänchen ◽  
Cornelia Klein ◽  
Fabien Maussion ◽  
Wolfgang Gurgiser ◽  
Georg Wohlfahrt
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Vegetation Indices ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Rainfall Data ◽  
Season Length ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Semi Arid ◽  
Over Time

<p>In the semi-arid Peruvian Andes, the agricultural growing season is mostly determined by the timing of the onset and cessation of the wet season, to which annual crop yields are highly sensitive. Recently, local farmers in the Rio Santa valley (Callejón de Huaylas) bordered by the glaciated Coordillera Blanca to the east and the unglaciated Coordillera Negra to the west, reported increasing challenges in the predictability of the onset, more frequent dry spells and extreme precipitation events during the wet season. Previous studies based on time-series of local rain gauges however did not show any significant changes in either timing or intensity of the wet season. Both in-situ and satellite rainfall data for the region lack the necessary spatial resolution to capture the highly variable rainfall distribution typical for complex terrain, and are often of questionable quality and temporal consistency. As in other Andean valleys, there remains considerable uncertainty in the Rio Santa basin regarding hydrological changes over the last decades. These changes are of a great concern for the local society and the lacking knowledge about changes in water availability (i.e. rainfall) and water demand (i.e. land use practices) hinder the assessment of relevant factors for the development of adaption strategies.</p><p>The over-archiving goal of this study was to better understand variability and recent changes of plant growth and rainfall seasonality and the interactions between them in the Rio Santa basin. Specifically, we aimed to illustrate how satellite-derived information on vegetation greenness can be exploited to infer a robust and highly resolved picture of recent changes in rainfall and vegetation across the region: As the semi-arid climate causes water availability (i.e. precipitation) to be the key limiting factor for plant growth, patterns of precipitation occurrence and the seasonality of vegetation indices (VIs) are tightly coupled. Therefore, these indices can serve as an integrated proxy of rainfall. By combining a 20 year time series of MODIS Aqua and Terra VIs (from 2000 to today) and datasets of precipitation (both remote-sensing and observations) we explore recent spatial and temporal changes in vegetation and water availability by combining VIs timeseries and derived land surface phenology (LSP) with measures of wet season onset and cessation from rainfall data. Furthermore, we analyse the interaction of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the wet and growing season.</p><p>We find spatially variable but significant greening over the majority of the Rio Santa valley domain. This greening is particularly pronounced during the the dry season (Austral winter) and indicates an overall increase of plant available water over time. The start of the growing season (SOS) is temporally highly variable and dominates the variability of growing season length over time. Peak and end of season (POS, EOS) are significantly delayed in the 20 year analysis. By partitioning the results into periods of three stages of ENSO (neutral, Niño, Niña) we find an earlier onset of the rainy and growing season and an overall increased season length in years associated with El Niño.</p>

scholarly journals Effect of fungicide application to control Fusarium head blight and 20 Fusarium and Alternaria mycotoxins in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Scarpino ◽  
A. Reyneri ◽  
M. Sulyok ◽  
R. Krska ◽  
M. Blandino
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Fusaric Acid ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Fungal Metabolites ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Fungicide Application ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Disease Pressure

Azole fungicides have been reported to be the most effective active substances in the control of Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) and in the reduction of the main mycotoxins that occur in cereal grain, such as deoxynivalenol (DON). Four field experiments have been conducted in North West Italy, over a period of 2 growing seasons, in order to evaluate the effect of azole fungicide (prothioconazole) applications on the prevalence of emerging mycotoxins in common winter wheat under naturally-infected field conditions. Wheat samples have been analysed by means of a dilute-and-shoot multi-mycotoxin LC-MS/MS method. Twenty fungal metabolites were detected: enniatins, aurofusarin, moniliformin, equisetin, DON, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, culmorin, bikaverin, beauvericin, fumonisins, fusaric acid, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, nivalenol, zearalenone, decalonectrin, butenolide, tentoxin, alternariol and alternariol methyl ether. The most abundant fungal metabolites were DON and culmorin, with an average contamination in the untreated control of 1,360 μg/kg and 875 μg/kg, respectively, in the growing season with the highest disease pressure (2011-2012). On average, the results have shown that the fungicide application significantly reduced the enniatins (from 127 μg/kg to 46 μg/kg), aurofusarin (from 62 μg/kg to 21 μg/kg), moniliformin (from 32 μg/kg to 16 μg/kg), tentoxin (from 5.2 μg/kg to 2.5 μg/kg) and equisetin (from 0.72 μg/kg to 0.06 μg/kg) contents in all the experiments. However, DON, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside and culmorin were only significantly reduced in the growing season with the highest disease pressure. The other fungal metabolites were mainly found in traces in the untreated plots. These results, which have been obtained in different environmental and agronomic conditions, have underlined for the first time that the fungicide usually applied to control the FHB and DON content, also consistently reduces the main emerging mycotoxins of winter wheat in temperate areas.

Effects of shallow water table on capillary contribution, evapotranspiration, and crop coefficient of maize and winter wheat in a semi-arid region

2001 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaozhong Kang ◽  
Fucang Zhang ◽  
Xiaotao Hu ◽  
Peter Jerie ◽  
Lu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Arid Region ◽  
Crop Coefficient ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Groundwater Table ◽  
Summer Maize ◽  
Semi Arid Region ◽  
Crop Coefficients ◽  
Semi Arid

A lysimeter experiment was conducted during 19866—96 to study the impacts of groundwater tables on the capillary contribution, evapotranspiration, and crop coefficient of maize and winter wheat grown in a semi-arid region in loess loam soils. The depth of groundwater table was set to 0.5, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.50 m, respectively. The results showed that the rate of capillary contribution from groundwater to crop root-zone was influenced mainly by the depth of the water tables. The daily variation in capillary contribution was not the same as pan evaporation; the peak was delayed when the water table was >0.8 m, and the time of delay increased with the depth of water table. The crop evapotranspiration was decreased with increasing groundwater table in the early growth period and harvest period. The maximum evapotranspiration occurred at 1.2 m groundwater table in the other periods. Values of crop coefficients (K c ) were estimated based on the measured evapotranspiration (ET) and reference crop ET computed by the modified Penman method. The estimated K c was significantly different from the values computed and used in the region in the absence of groundwater table effects, and it varied markedly with groundwater tables. Relationships between the crop coefficient and the depth of groundwater table were developed using mean crop coefficients derived from multi-year data. It was found that linear model was better for the period Octobermp;mdash;February in the winter wheat growing season and June in the summer maize growing season. The polynomial model was suitable for the period March;mdahs;June in the winter wheat growing season and from July to October in the summer maize growing season.

scholarly journals Features of the vegetation of winter wheat agrophytocenoses after the predecessors of leguminous perennial grasses

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (98) ◽  
pp. 150-162
Author(s):  
О. P. Tkachuk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Perennial Legumes

The article is devoted to solving the problem of increasing the yield of winter wheat crops when it is grown after the predecessors of six types of perennial legumes. The features of the passage of the growth and development phases of winter wheat plants in the spring are shown, depending on the predecessors. The dynamics of plant height in the spring-summer period is analyzed. The change in the density of winter wheat plants during the spring renewal of the growing season and at the end of the growing season was studied. The spring thinning of winter wheat plants, the coefficient of total and productive tillering are calculated. The total number of stems of winter wheat plants and productive stems is shown. The level of grain yield of winter wheat, depending on its predecessors, was investigated, and correlation-regression relationships between it and the factors of spring-summer vegetation of crops were revealed. A close correlation has been proved between the grain yield and the number of all stems, as well as productive stems of winter wheat plants on an area of one square meter, as well as between the grain yield and the height of winter wheat plants at the beginning of spring regrowth. It is shown that the most favorable growing conditions and the level of grain yield of winter wheat when growing it after various types of perennial legumes is observed after the predecessor of meadow clover, where the highest plant density at the end of the growing season was observed – 145 million pcs/ha, the number of total – 878 pcs./m2 and productive stems – 799 pcs./m2, as well as the highest plant height at the beginning of spring regrowth – 6 cm. This allows you to get a winter wheat grain yield of 5.8 t/ha without the use of mineral fertilizers. After white melilot, the yield of winter wheat was 10.2 % less and amounted to 5.21 t/ha; after sandy sainfoin – 14.% less – 4.99 t/ha; after the eastern goat's rue – by 21.6 % less – 4.55 t/ha; after sowing alfalfa – by 24.5 % less – 4.38 t/ha and after horned grass – the lowest yield – 4.03 t/ha, which is 30.6 % less than after meadow clover

scholarly journals Productivity and technological qualities of Grom winter wheat grain variety depending on the application of plant growth regulators and nitrogen top dressings

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 111-125
Author(s):  
A. A. Makarov ◽  
N. I. Mamsirov ◽  
Z. A. Ivanova ◽  
F. Kh. Tkhazeplova
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Plant Growth Regulators ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Wheat Grain

The article presents the results of a multi-year research aimed at establishing the influence of plant growth regulators and doses of nitrogen top dressings on the growth, development, productivity and technological qualities of Grom variety of soft winter wheat grain of the FSBSI «SGC named after P.P. Lukyanenko» selection. The results of the research revealed that the duration of the entire growing season and interphase stages of winter wheat development was largely influenced by weather conditions in the spring-summer period. Application of nitrogen top dressing in the «tillering-beginning of stemming» phase promoted the formation of more vigorous winter wheat plants with an increased tillering coefficient. The best indicators were obtained in options where «Biosil» preparation was used. The most intensive increase in the aboveground mass of winter wheat throughout the growing season occurred with the use of the «Alfastim» growth regulator; it was followed by «Novosil» preparation. The cultivation of crops with growth regulators increased the productive plant stand by 7,8–15,2%, but didn’t have a significant effect on the other elements of the crop structure. Application of nitrogen fertilizer in doses of N35+N35 иN35+N35+N20 when treated with «Novosil» growth regulator provided a high yield – up to 7,13 t/ha. Slightly lower was the yield with the use of «Alfastim» preparation compared with «Novosil». In the option without nitrogen fertilizers the fifth class grain was formed, and the treatment of winter wheat crops with the studied preparations increased the class of grain to the fourth one, due to an increase in the content of protein and gluten in the grain. Similar changes were also noted when nitrogen was added to the top dressing at doses of N20 + N20 and N35 + N35. Spring nitrogen fertilization of winter wheat crops in the heading phase contributed to an increase in the grain class.

scholarly journals Plant Responses to Changing Water Supply and Availability in High Elevation Ecosystems: A Quantitative Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1150
Author(s):  
Emma Sumner ◽  
Susanna Venn
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Quantitative Systematic Review ◽  
Growing Season Precipitation

Climate change is expected to lead to changes to the amount, frequency, intensity, and timing of precipitation and subsequent water supply and its availability to plants in mountain regions worldwide. This is likely to affect plant growth and physiological performance, with subsequent effects to the functioning of many important high-elevation ecosystems. We conducted a quantitative systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of altered water supply on plants from high elevation ecosystems. We found a clear negative response of plants to decreases in water supply (mean Hedges’ g = −0.75, 95% confidence intervals: −1.09 to −0.41), and a neutral response to increases in water supply (mean Hedges’ g = 0.10, 95% confidence intervals: 0.43 to 0.62). Responses to decreases in water supply appear to be related to the magnitude of change in water supply, plant growth form, and to the measured response attribute. Changes to precipitation and water supply are likely to have important consequences for plant growth in high elevation ecosystems, with vegetation change more likely be triggered by reductions than increases in growing season precipitation. High elevation ecosystems that experience future reductions in growing-season precipitation are likely to exhibit plant responses such as reduced growth and higher allocation of carbohydrates to roots.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document