Genesis of Solonetzic soils as a function of topography and seasonal dynamics

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Miller ◽  
S. Pawluk
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Dynamics ◽  
Slope Position ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuations ◽  
Topographic Position ◽  
Exchangeable Acidity ◽  
Sodium Percent ◽  
Acidic Conditions ◽  
Lower Slope ◽  
Upper Slope

A Gleyed Black Solonetz at a depressional slope position, a Black Solonetz at a lower slope position, a Black Solodized Solonetz at a mid-slope position, and a Black Solod at an upper slope position in central Alberta, were investigated using chemical, physical and mineralogical techniques to determine the role of topographic position and season in their genesis. Solonization, as indicated by electrical conductivity (EC) values < 4 dS m−1 and exchangeable sodium percent (ESP) values > 15% in the B horizon, was greatest in the Gleyed Black Solonetz, and then decreased in the soils upslope. Solonization occurred during the spring, summer and fall in the B horizon of the Gleyed Black Solonetz and Bnt1 horizon of the Black Solod, and during the spring in the B horizon of the Black Solonetz, Bnt1 horizon of the Black Solodized Solonetz, and Bnt2 horizon of the Black Solod. Solodization, as indicated by the development of Ae and AB horizons, acidic conditions and higher dithionite-extractable Al in the upper sola, and high exchangeable acidity in the upper B horizons, was greatest in the Black Solod at the upper slope position, moderate in the Black Solodized Solonetz at the mid-slope position, and absent in the two soils at the lower slope positions. Solodization as reflected by exchangeable acidity, also exhibited seasonal fluctuations, particularly in the upper B horizons. Seasonal variations of exchangeable Na, Ca and Mg in the B horizons, however, were slight to nonexistent. Topographic position and seasonal fluctuations of soluble salts and exchangeable acidity in the B horizons played a major role in the genesis of soils in this Solonetzic catena. Key words: Solonetzic catena, solonization, solodization, topography, seasonal dynamics

Site-specific wild oat (Avena fatua L.) management

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 923-931 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Beckie ◽  
S. Shirriff
Keyword(s):  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Slope Position ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Lower Slope ◽  
Upper Slope

Beckie, H. J. and Shirriff, S. 2012. Site-specific wild oat ( Avena fatua L.) management. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 923–931. Variation in soil properties, such as soil moisture, across a hummocky landscape may influence wild oat emergence and growth. To evaluate wild oat emergence, growth, and management according to landscape position, a study was conducted from 2006 to 2010 in a hummocky field in the semiarid Moist Mixed Grassland ecoregion of Saskatchewan. The hypothesis tested was that wild oat emergence and growth would be greater in lower than upper slope positions under normal or dry early growing season conditions. Three herbicide treatments were imposed on the same plots each year of a 2-yr canola (Brassica napus L.) – wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) sequence: (1) nontreated (weedy) control; (2) herbicide application to upper and lower slope positions (i.e., full or blanket application); and (3) herbicide application to lower slope position only. Slope position affected crop and weed densities before in-crop herbicide application in years with dry spring growing conditions. Site-specific wild oat herbicide application in hummocky fields in semiarid regions may be justified based on results of wild oat control averaged across slope position. In year 2 of the crop sequence (wheat), overall (i.e., lower and upper slope) wild oat control based on density, biomass, and dockage (i.e., seed return) was similar between site-specific and full herbicide treatment in 2 of 3 yr. Because economic thresholds have not been widely adopted by growers in managing wild oat, site-specific treatment in years when conditions warrant may be an appropriate compromise between no application and blanket herbicide application.

Influence of tillage displaced soil on the productivity and yield components of barley in northwest Iran

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 665-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Nazmi ◽  
Hossein Asadi ◽  
Ruzanna Manukyan ◽  
Hamdollah Naderi
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Slope Position ◽  
Soil Productivity ◽  
Slope Gradient ◽  
Position Effects ◽  
Northwest Iran ◽  
Lower Slope ◽  
Tillage Erosion ◽  
Upper Slope

Nazmi, L., Asadi, H., Manukyan, R. and Naderi, H. 2012. Influence of tillage displaced soil on the productivity and yield components of barley in northwest Iran. Can. J. Soil Sci. 92: 665–672. In hilly landforms subject to long-term cultivation, erosion has denuded the upper slope positions of topsoil, and accumulated topsoil in the lower slope positions. Slope gradient and position effects aggregation processes, which in turn impact soil productivity. A field experiment was conducted to assess the tillage-induced soil displacement and its effects on the soil properties and barley (Hordeum vulgare var. Sahand) biomass production for three different landscapes. The study was conducted on a hill slope seeded with barley (1.4–10.1° slope) located in the Mollaahmad watershed of the Ardabil province in northwestern Iran. For this purpose, soil samples were collected from four slope positions in a grassland as well as an agricultural field (dryland). A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of slope gradient and position on barley growth and soil quality. Soil generally had lower organic carbon, available phosphorus, calcium carbonate equivalent, soil water content and mean weight diameter of soil aggregates in the farmland than the grassland, and in the upper slope positions than in the lower slopes. Significantly higher barley growth indices were associated with lower slope positions. Agronomic productivity of the soil was lowest for landscapes with the highest slope gradient. The relationships between tillage erosion and yield components were found to be significant. Spike weight and slope position had the largest contribution for the explanatory capacity of canonical variables (tillage erosion and yield components) estimated when compared with other parameters (slope gradient, dry matter, spike number, grain yield and 1000-grain weight). The findings in this study can be used as a tool to assist farmers, soil and water conservationists, and other policymakers in decision making regarding the use of lands.

Effects of Landscape Position, Rainfall, and Tillage on Residual Herbicides

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Moyer ◽  
Gerald Coen ◽  
Robert Dunn ◽  
Anne M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Severe Injury ◽  
Slope Position ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Crop Injury ◽  
Lower Slope ◽  
Upper Slope

The effect of soil properties and weather on herbicide persistence and injury to following crops were studied at a site near Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada, with undulating topography that included no-tillage and conventional tillage systems on adjacent fields. Soil pH ranged from 5.2 (lower slope no-tillage) to 7.8 (upper slope conventional tillage) and soil organic matter content ranged from 2.3% (upper slope conventional tillage) to 4.4% (lower slope no-tillage). During the years when the experiments were conducted rainfall ranged from < 50% of normal to > 150% of normal. During dry years atrazine and metsulfuron severely injured wheat and lentil crops, seeded 1 yr after herbicide application, on upper slope locations. The most severe injury occurred on the upper slope conventional tillage location. In years with high rainfall, no crop injury occurred 1 yr after atrazine and metsulfuron application on either upper or lower slope locations in both tillage systems. Imazamox plus imazethapyr caused almost 100% injury in the lower slope position in the no-tillage system (pH 5.2) in the driest year. Following-crop injury due to the imidazolinone herbicides decreased with increasing rainfall and increasing soil pH. The most severe injury to following crops seemed to occur when herbicide dissipation was dependent on microbial activity and rainfall was below normal.

scholarly journals Interpretation of soil enzyme activities in a comparison of tillage practices along a topographic and textural gradient

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Bergstrom ◽  
C.M. Monreal ◽  
A. D. Tomlin ◽  
J.J. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Soil Enzyme ◽  
Slope Position ◽  
Soil Enzyme Activities ◽  
Tillage Practice ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
No Till ◽  
Ap Horizon ◽  
Lower Slope ◽  
Upper Slope

Assessment of the impacts of soil conservation practices requires measurement of the resulting changes in soil quality at scales inclusive of soil variability comparable to that of typical farms. The objective of this study was to compare changes in six soil enzyme activities (urease, glutaminase, phosphatase, arylsulfatase, β-glucosidase and dehydrogenase) and organic carbon (OC) content resulting from implementation of no-till along a topographic and soil textural gradient. Activities of β-glucosidase, glutaminase, phosphatase and arylsulfatase, and OC content were greater in coarse-textured soils at a lower slope-position than in fine-textured soil at an upper slope-position. Tillage practice influenced activities of urease, glutaminase, β-glucosidase and dehydrogenase but not OC content. The effect of tillage practice on enzyme activities was influenced by sampling depth and slope-position. Phosphatase and arylsulfatase activities of the Ap horizon behaved as indices of soil organic matter (SOM) content along the topographic gradient. Urease and dehydrogenase activities behaved as indices of soil biochemical activity within the Ap horizon. When interpreted in these terms, soil enzyme activities are comparable to other integrative measurements and as such describe system behavior and attributes. Key words: Soil enzyme activity, no-till, topographic position

scholarly journals Slope Position Rather Than Thinning Intensity Affects Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) Community in Chinese Fir Plantations

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuelei Xu ◽  
Xinjie Wang ◽  
Michelle Cleary ◽  
Ping Wang ◽  
Nini Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Chinese Fir ◽  
Slope Position ◽  
Thinning Intensity ◽  
Amf Diversity ◽  
Lower Slope ◽  
Upper Slope

Background and Objectives: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play a crucial role in individual plant capability and whole ecosystem sustainability. Chinese fir, one of the most widely planted tree species in southern China, forms associations with AMF. However, it is still unclear what impacts thinning management applied to Chinese fir plantations has on the structure and diversity of soil AMF communities. This research attempts to bridge this knowledge gap. Materials and Methods: A thinning experiment was designed on different slope positions in Chinese fir plantations to examine the impacts of slope position and thinning intensity on colonization, diversity, and community composition of AMF. Results: Our research showed that the altitudinal slope position had significant effects on colonization, diversity, and community composition of AMF in Chinese fir plantations. In addition, the interaction between slope position and thinning intensity had significant effects on AMF diversity. Colonization by AMF on the lower slope position was significantly higher than on the upper slope position, while AMF diversity on the upper slope position was higher than on the middle and lower slope positions. Glomus was the most abundant genus in all slope positions, especially on the middle and lower slope positions. The relative abundance of Diversispora was significantly different among slope positions with absolute dominance on the upper slope position. Scutellospora was uniquely found on the upper slope position. Furthermore, soil Mg and Mn contents and soil temperature positively affected AMF community composition at the operational taxonomic unit (OTU) level. Conclusions: These findings suggested that slope position should be considered in the management of Chinese fir plantations. Furthermore, both chemical fertilization and AMF augmentation should be undertaken on upper hill slope positions as part of sustainable management practices for Chinese fir plantations.

Does Topography Influence Millipede's Abundance and Biomass in an Oriental Beech Forest, Iran?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Fazlollahi Mohammadi ◽  
Seyed Gholamali Jalali ◽  
Yahya Kooch
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Beech Forest ◽  
Slope Position ◽  
Abundance And Diversity ◽  
Density And Biomass ◽  
Lower Slope ◽  
Return Process ◽  
Main Factor ◽  
Upper Slope

Abstract BackgroundMillipedes acting as one of the important soil organisms having an important influence on decomposition of vegetation and nutrient cycling and their return process to the soil ecosystem, and they usually can be found under the litter layer within the shallow depths. Topography with changing soil traits and plant’s composition will result in changes in soil biota, by the reaction of microsite condition to topography variables. It has been documented that millipedes are not considered as an exception to this trend, so we aimed at study the changes in millipede’s density and biomass with regard to the landforms and soil depth. We studied the effect of catena shape and slope position and different soil depths on millipede’s abundance and biomass. ResultsThe results of our study indicated that millipedes can affect by topography to high levels, in a way that they are more abundant with higher biomass in humid areas such as V-shaped catena and lower slope position than the C-shaped catena and upper slope positions. We also observed that the biomass and density of millipedes decrease with increasing the soil depth. ConclusionIt appears that the factors such as soil moisture, pH, plant composition, and N are the most important factors in millipede’s abundance and diversity with more emphasis on soil moisture as the main factor.

Slope position and subsoiling effects on soil water and spring wheat yield

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. G. McConkey ◽  
D. J. Ulrich ◽  
F. B. Dyck
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Slope Position ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Crop Water Use ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Lower Slope ◽  
Upper Slope

A study was conducted on a 4-m-high ridge in southwestern Saskatchewan to determine the relationship of slope position with the soil water regime and spring wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) production and to determine if those relationships were altered by subsoiling. In all years, available soil water in the spring to 120 cm increased significantly with distance upslope. This pattern was attributed to residual subsoil water in the rooting zone that had not been used by previous crops in a long-term crop-fallow rotation. After 3 yr of annual spring wheat production, soil water to 1.2 m at all slope positions approximately equalled the water content wilting point (4.0 MPa) water content, showing this residual water had been largely consumed. Apparent use of soil water between seeding and harvest at the upper slope positions was equal to or greater than that at the lower slope positions. Over-winter soil water conservation, using tall (≥ 30-cm-high) wheat stubble for snow trapping, at the upper slope positions was equal to or greater than that at the lower slope positions. In the non-drought years of 1987 and 1989, wheat yields and crop water use efficiency increased significantly with distance downslope. Since these slope effects were not related to water use or availability, they were attributed to higher soil productivity, probably related to more historical net erosion with distance upslope. During the drought year of 1988, wheat yields and water use efficiency were greatest at the upslope positions, but these results were confounded by uneven crop emergence. Subsoiling to 35 cm or deeper increased the amount and depth of infiltration of water in years with near-average November–April precipitation. Subsoiling had little effect on wheat yields and no effect on crop water use. Key words: Landscape, wheat, productivity, soil moisture

scholarly journals Characterization, land capability and fertility classification of soils along Kpantinapu-Nukkai toposequence in Jalingo, Taraba State

2020 ◽  
pp. 24-33
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Slope Position ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Profile Depth ◽  
Laboratory Procedures ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Lower Slope ◽  
Upper Slope

The objective of this study was to characterize the soils of the study area, determine some soil properties and classify the soils according to USDA Taxonomic System. Coordinates of the Pedons were obtained using hand held Geographic Positioning System (GIS) and one (1) profile pit was dug at the upper, middle and lower slope respectively. Some soil physical and chemical properties were determined using standard laboratory procedures. The results shows that the physical properties at the upper slope were dominated by sand with mean values ranging from 50 to 87%. Clay content increased with increase in profile depth and with decrease in slope along the toposequence (>35% clay). Soil pH were slightly acid to neutral across the slope and was statistically significant between the slopes. The soils had greater than 50% base saturation and were classified as Alfisols at the order level. The soils were classified as Typic Plinthustalfs, Typic Paleustalfs and Vertic Halpustalfs at the upper, middle and lower slope respectively. Capability class showed class C3(IIIse) at the upper slope while the lower slope was C3 (IIIws); and fertility class varied from moderately suitable (S2) to marginally suitable (S3). In order to attain food security and enhance agricultural productivity and quality of life in the study area, close attention should be given to upper slope position to control the damaging effects of erosion and integrated nutrient management should be employed to improve the soil fertility of the land

scholarly journals The Species Composition and Seasonal Dynamics of Thrips (Thysanoptera) Populations on Maize (Zea Mays L.) in Southeastern Poland

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 210-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Halina Kucharczyk ◽  
Paweł Bereś ◽  
Zbigniew Dąbrowski
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Seasonal Dynamics ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Maize Plant ◽  
Seasonal Abundance ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Thrips Species

The Species Composition and Seasonal Dynamics of Thrips (Thysanoptera) Populations on Maize (Zea MaysL.) in Southeastern PolandThrips species composition and seasonal abundance was studied on maize crops during two seasons (2006-2007), in southeastern Poland. Altogether 21 species have been identified, among themFrankliniella tenuicornis(Uzel 1895) andHaplothrips aculeatus(Fabricius 1803) which are a graminicolous species and were eudominants, comprising 96.8% in 2006 and 82.0% in 2007 of all collected specimens. Other species occurred only in low numbers. The frequent and numerous presence ofF. tenuicornisspecies in their immature stages in the samples, confirmed the role of the maize plant as the host.H. aculeatusprobably chose maize as a food source and substitute plant for breeding.

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