Seedling emergence, pod development, and seed yields of chickpea and dry pea in a semiarid environment

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 531-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. T. Gan ◽  
P. R. Miller ◽  
P. H. Liu ◽  
F. C. Stevenson ◽  
C. L. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Cicer Arietinum ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Reproductive Period ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Semiarid Environment ◽  
Heat Units ◽  
Pod Development ◽  
Seed Yields

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), an annual legume, has recently been introduced to western Canada, and is being rapidly adopted in the semiarid prairies, but little information exists on the crop establishment and agronomic management. A field study was conducted from 1998 to 2000 in southwestern Saskatchewan to determine effect of planting dates on seedling emergence, pod development, and seed yields for two market classes of chickpea (i.e., small- and large-seeded) compared to dry pea (Pisum sativum L.). The early-planted chickpea required 8 more days to emerge than late-planted chickpea. Averaged over the two planting dates, small-seeded chickpea required 103 heat units (base 5°C) to emerge compared to 110 for large-seeded chickpea and 97 for dry pea. Compared to the respective late-planting, the reproductive period (flowering to maturity) was 4 d longer for the early-planted chickpea, allowing the plants to use 49 (or 9%) more accumulated heat units. Consequently, the early-planted chickpea produced 17% more fertile pods per plant than the late-planted chickpea. Seed yields averaged 2.17 t ha-1 for small-seeded chickpea, 1.88 t ha-1 for large-seeded chickpea, and 3.54 t ha-1 for dry pea. With early planting, chickpea increased seed yields by 7.5% in 1998, 14% in 1999, and 18.5% in 2000, and dry pea increased seed yield by 37% in 1998, 9% in 1999, and 14% in 2000. The small-seeded chickpea had 53% more fertile pods per plant, and produced 15% higher seed yield than large-seeded chickpea. Seed yields of both chickpea and dry pea in a semiarid environment can be enhanced by management practices that promote early seedling emergence, prolonged reproductive period, and increased pod fertility. Key words: Seeding date, fertile pods, seed size, Cicer arietinum, Pisum sativum

Optimum plant population density for chickpea and dry pea in a semiarid environment

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. T. Gan ◽  
P. R. Miller ◽  
B. G. McConkey ◽  
R. P. Zentner ◽  
P. H. Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Cicer Arietinum ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Wheat Stubble ◽  
Plant Population Density ◽  
Field Emergence ◽  
Seed Yields

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), an annual grain legume, is being broadly included in cereal-based cropping systems throughout the semiarid Canadian prairies, but information on optimum plant population density (PPD) has not been developed for this region. This study, which was conducted from 1998 to 2000 in southwestern Saskatchewan, determined the effect of PPD on field emergence, seed yield and quality, and harvestability of kabuli and desi chickpea compared with dry pea (Pisum sativum L.). Seed yields of all legumes increased with increasing PPD when the crops were grown on conventional summerfallow. The PPD that produced the highest seed yields ranged from 40 to 45 plants m-2 for kabuli chickpea, from 45 to 50 plants m-2 for desi chickpea, and from 75 to 80 plants m-2 for dry pea. When the legumes were grown on wheat stubble, the PPD that gained optimum seed yield ranged from 35 to 40 plants m-2 for kabuli chickpea, from 40 to 45 plants m-2 for desi chickpea, and from 65 to 70 plants m-2 for dry pea. The proportion of large-sized (>9-mm diameter) seed in the harvested seed was >70% when the kabuli chickpea was grown on summerfallow regardless of PPD, whereas the large-seed proportion decreased with increasing PPD when the crop was grown on wheat stubble. Increases in PPD advanced plant maturity by 1.5 to 3.0 d and increased the height of the lowest pods from the soil surface by 1.4 to 2.0 cm (or 5 to 10%), with desi chickpea receiving the greatest benefits from increased PPD. The percentage of plants established from viable seeds per unit area decreased substantially as PPD increased, with kabuli chickpea emergence decreasing from 90% at PPD = 20 plants m-2 to 72% at PPD = 50 plants m-2, from 81 to 69% for desi type, and from 83 to 59% for dry pea . The reason for the low field emergence with increased PPD is unknown, but methods which lead to improved field emergence represent a great opportunity to increase seed yield and reduce production costs for both chickpea and dry pea in this semiarid region. Key words: seed size, Cicer arietinum, Pisum sativum, seeding rate, summerfallow

Preharvest glyphosate in alfalfa for seed production: Effect on alfalfa seed yield and quality

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. May ◽  
H. A. Loeppky ◽  
D. C. Murrell ◽  
C. D. Myhre ◽  
J. J. Soroka
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Seedling Vigour ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Alfalfa Seed ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Seed Yields

Preharvest applications of glyphosate have been shown to be effective in controlling Canada thistle in annual crops, but may reduce alfalfa seed yield depending on time and rate of application. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of preharvest applications of glyphosate on subsequent alfalfa seed yield and quality. The effects of timing, 1, 26, 51 and 76% alfalfa seed pod maturity, and rate, 0, 440, 880, 1320, and 1760 g a.i. ha-1, of a preharvest application of glyphosate on alfalfa seed yield and quality in the year of application, and regrowth and seed yield in the following year were determined. The rate of glyphosate applied did not affect seed yield in the application year; however, in the following year, growth and seed yield were reduced as rates increased. Delaying the application of glyphosate increased seed yields in the application year, but decreased alfalfa regrowth and flowering the following year. Germination and seedling emergence were not affected by the rate or timing of the glyphosate. A preharvest application of glyphosate at 1760 g a.i. ha-1 at 76% pod maturity is a viable option in the last year of seed production. Key words: Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), glyphosate, abnormal seeds, seed quality, and seedling vigour

Response of soya beans to planting date in south-eastern Queensland. II.* Vegetative and reproductive development

1974 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 723 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Lawn ◽  
DE Byth
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Biological Efficiency ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Seed Yields

Vegetative and reproductive development of a range of soya bean cultivars was studied over a series of planting dates in both hill plots and row culture at Redland Bay, Qld. Responses in the extent of vegetative and reproductive development were related to changes in the phasic developmental patterns. The duration and extent of vegetative development for the various cultivar-planting date combinations were closely associated with the length of the period from planting to the cessation of flowering. Thus, vegetative growth was greatest for those planting dates which resulted in a delay in flowering and/or extended the flowering phase. Similarly, genetic lateness of maturity among cultivars was associated with more extensive vegetative development. Seed yield per unit area increased within each cultivar as the length of the growing period was extended until sufficient vegetative growth occurred to allow the formation of closed canopies under the particular agronomic conditions imposed. Further increases in the length of the period of vegetative growth failed to increase seed yield, and in some cases seed yields were actually reduced. Biological efficiency of seed production (BE) was negatively correlated with the length of the vegetative growth period. Differences in BE among cultivar-planting date combinations were large. It is suggested that maximization of seed yield will necessitate an optimum compromise between the degree of vegetative development and BE. Optimum plant arrangement will therefore vary, depending on the particular cultivar-planting date combination. ___________________ \*Part I, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 24: 67 (1973).

Response of kabuli chickpea to seed size and planting depth

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. T. Gan ◽  
P. R. Miller ◽  
C. L. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Cicer Arietinum ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Planting Depth ◽  
Cicer Arietinum L ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Small Seed

The use of small seed can reduce the production costs of kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) 15 to 25% by reducing the amount of seed needed per unit area, but little is known about the effects of seed size on stand establishment, plant growth, and seed yield in semiarid environments. We conducted a field study in southwest Saskatchewan from 1998 to 2000 and determined the chickpea responses to seed size under different planting depths. Crops grown from small (7.1–9.0 mm) diameter seed required the same number of days to emerge (16.7 d) and mature (106 d) as those from large (9.1–11.0 mm) diameter seed. There were no differences in plant establishment, shoot dry weight, pod production, or seed yield between the two seed sizes when planted at a 50-mm depth. However, the small-seeded crop produced 7% lower plant stand, 4% lower seed yield, and 3% less seed 1799-mm diameter compared to the large-seeded crop when planted at a 100-mm depth (P < 0.05). Large-seed ed chickpea plants were 20 mm (4%) taller, and the height of the lowest pods from the soil surface was 11 to 13 mm (5%) higher than those from the small seed, suggesting an improvement of harvestability. In general, planting depth did not affect seedling emergence, shoot dry weight, or seed yield, but when small seed was used, chickpea sown at the 50-mm depth increased seed yield by 6% compared to that at the 100-mm depth. Kabuli chickpea produced an average of >20 pods plant-1, with 77% of them containing one seed per pod, 10% with two seeds per pod, and the remainder containing no seed; this ratio of pod fertility was independent of seed size or planting depth. Our results indicate that the use of small seed and shallow planting can reduce the production costs of chickpea by $31 to $52 ha-1 without a seed yield penalty. This level of saving in production far exceeds the otherwise increased value of $4 to $6 ha-1 with the use of large seed which produces a higher (3%) proportion of ≥ 9-mm diameter seed. Key words: Seedling emergence, seed mass, pod production, Cicer arietinum L.

Sensitivity of Chickpeas (Cicer arietinum) to Hot Temperatures during the Reporductive Period

1984 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Summerfield ◽  
P. Hadley ◽  
E. H. Roberts ◽  
F. R. Minchin ◽  
S. Rawsthorne
Keyword(s):  
Cicer Arietinum ◽  
Reproductive Period ◽  
Dinitrogen Fixation ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Tropical Environments ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
Thermal Regimes ◽  
Hot Days ◽  
Hot Environments ◽  
Seed Yields

SUMMARYPlants of two genotypes of chickpea (Cicer arietinum), classified as early or late-maturing in the field, and relying either on dinitrogen fixation by nodules or on nitrate-N, were grown in various simulated tropical environments in growth cabinets. Plants were transferred between cabinets at various times so that they experienced either warm (30°C) or hot (35°C) days (both in combination with a typical night temperature of 10°C) for different durations of reproductive growth, after growing in average (30°C day - 10°C night) or warmer than average (30° - 18°C) temperatures for the first 28 days from sowing and then average temperatures until transferred into the hot regime. Diurnal vapour pressure deficits were adjusted so that plants experienced a constant atmospheric relative himidity (70%) in all thermal regimes. The greater the proportion of the reproductive period spent in hot days the smaller the seed yields produced; plants transferred at 50% flowering were almost barren. The implications of these data for breeding chickpeas well adapted to hot environments are discussed.

Effect of planting time on growth and seed yield of lupins, peas and vetches on the Swan Coastal Plain, Western Australia

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (69) ◽  
pp. 539 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Farrington
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Yellow Lupin ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Sharp Drop ◽  
Planting Time ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Field Peas ◽  
Seed Yields

The effect of planting time on dry matter production and seed yield in yellow lupin cv. Weiko III, narrow-leafed lupin cv. Uniharvest and cv. Unicrop, field pea cv. Collegian and vetch cv. Blanchefleur was studied near Perth, Western Australia. Planting dates were March 19, April 16, May 14 and June 11. In the lupins and vetch, May and June plantings resulted in delayed emergence (yellow lupin and vetch only) and nodulation, and reductions in dry matter and seed yield. Yields of field peas were increased with later planting. Lupins produced most dry matter, seed and seed protein at the first three plantings but were no better than peas in the June planting. No significant differences in seed yields were found between the lupin cultivars, though in Unicrop seedling growth rates were consistently higher and seed yield tended to be less affected by delays in planting. A sharp drop in seed yield of lupins between the April and May plantings was associated with the production of fewer pods on the lateral axes. The reasons for this are discussed.

VARIABILITY IN POD FILLING CHARACTERISTICS OF PEAS (Pisum sativum L.) UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 283-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. MAHON ◽  
S. L. A. HOBBS
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Genotype ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
Single Location ◽  
Pod Development ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
Filling Characteristics ◽  
Field Location

The average rates of pod dry weight increase, final pod weights and durations of pod growth were estimated for peas (Pisum sativum L.) growing in the field. The effects of plant genotype, field location and the time of season on these characters were studied in several populations of pea genotypes. Rate of pod filling and final pod weight were both affected by genotype, year and initiation time during the season. Effective duration of pod filling was not affected by any of these factors and final pod weight was always strongly related to the rate of filling. For 46 genotypes, the rate of pod filling ranged from 16 to 75 mg∙day−1 in a single location. Despite the large environmental and seasonal variation, the interactions with genotype were small and estimates of broad sense heritability were high. Across genotypes, rate of pod filling was correlated with weight per 100 seeds and final seed yields. The large changes in rate of pod filling during the season were similar in pattern in 2 yr. However, because this pattern was similar in populations with different flowering times, and because of the significant relationship to the changes in irradiance during both seasons, it is suggested that these seasonal changes in pod filling are of environmental rather than developmental origin.Key words: Pod bulking, seed development, pod development, seasonal changes, growth rate, duration

Water use of pulse crops at various plant densities under fallow and stubble conditions in a semiarid environment

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 719-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. T. Gan ◽  
J. Wang ◽  
D. J. Bing ◽  
P. R. Miller ◽  
C. L. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Cicer Arietinum ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
Semiarid Environment ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Use Efficiency

Understanding water use characteristics of crops is essential for optimizing crop productivity in semiarid environments. This study determined water use (WU), water use efficiency (WUE), and postharvest residual soil water (PHRSW) of dry pea (Pisum sativum L.) and desi and kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) at four plant densities under fallow and stubble cropping systems in a semiarid environment. Crops were grown in southwest Saskatchewan from 1998 to 2000. Chickpea used 28% more water than dry pea, while kabuli chickpea used 14% more water than desi chickpea only when grown on fallow at one of the sites. Pulses grown on fallow used 66% more water than when grown on stubble, with largest difference (48%) in WU between the two cropping systems being in the 60- to 90-cm soil depths. Overall, dry pea had the greatest WUE (12.9 kg ha-1 mm-1), followed by desi chickpea (7.3 kg ha-1 mm-1) and kabuli chickpea (6.6 kg ha-1 mm-1). Water use efficiency increased with increasing plant density for all the pulses, with dry pea showing a stronger response than chickpea. The PHRSW below the 60-cm depth differed significantly among pulses. Dry pea left an average of 33 mm available water at harvest, the desi left 20 mm, and the kabuli 13 mm. A deeper rooting crop grown after dry pea may benefit more from water conservation in the soil profile than when grown after chickpea under semiarid environmental conditions. Key words: Cicer arietinum, Pisum sativum, water use efficiency, rooting depth

scholarly journals Effect of mother bulb size and planting time on growth, bulb and seed yield of onion

1970 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 531-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Mosleh Ud-Deen
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Planting Time ◽  
Early Planting ◽  
Onion Bulbs ◽  
Seed Yields

Onion bulbs of different sizes (20g, 15g and l0 g) were planted at different dates viz., 30 October and 15 and 30 November to observe their effects on growth, bulb and seed yield of onion. The mother bulb size and planting dates showed significant influence on growth, bulb and seed yield of onion. The large mother bulb and early planting were favourable for getting higher bulb and seed yields. The treatment combinations of large mother bulb (20 g) and 30 October planting time gave the highest bulb (17.52 t1ha) and seed (402.80 kg1ha) yield.   Key words: Onion, mother bulb size, planting time, growth, yield. doi: 10.3329/bjar.v33i4.2285 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 33(4) : 531-537, December 2008  

scholarly journals Planting Date and Genotype Effects on Tepary Bean Productivity

HortScience ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harbans L. Bhardwaj ◽  
Muddappa Rangappa ◽  
Anwar A. Hamama
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Tepary Bean ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Plant Weight ◽  
Index Ratio ◽  
Seed Yields

Our objective was to evaluate production potential of eight tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray) genotypes and three planting dates. Significant variation (P < 0.05) existed among eight genotypes and three planting dates in 1997 and 1998. The genotype ×planting date interaction was nonsignificant (P > 0.05) for seed yield and harvest index. Seed yields of eight genotypes, when averaged over three planting dates and 2 years, varied from 1618 to 1988 with a mean of 1816 kg·ha-1, indicating that tepary bean is adapted to Virginia's agro-climatic conditions. The harvest index (ratio between seed and total plant weight, expressed as percentage) ranged from 38% to 47%. Seed weight varied from 12.6 to 18.8 g with a mean of 14.5 g. Genotypes with tan-colored seeds had significantly larger seed than those with black or white seeds. Planting dates significantly affected seed yield, seed weight, and harvest index. The highest seed yield (2239 kg·ha-1) and harvest index were obtained from the late May plantings.

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