Spatial and temporal distribution of soil inorganic nitrogen concentration in potato hills

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Zebarth ◽  
P. H. Milburn
Keyword(s):  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Soil Sampling ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variation ◽  
Sampling Strategies ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Soil Inorganic N ◽  
The Hill ◽  
Soil Inorganic

The purpose of this study was to determine the spatial and temporal variation in soil inorganic N concentration in the potato hill, and to discuss the implications of this variation on soil sampling strategies. The experiment was conducted in 1999 and 2000 using four treatments: bare soil with no N fertilizer applied, and a potato crop with no fertilizer N added, with 180 kg N ha-1 applied at planting, or with 120 kg N ha-1 applied at planting plus 60 kg N ha-1 applied at hilling. Elevated (above background) soil NH4+-N concentrations were measured for 40 or more days after planting, therefore in-season sampling should be done for both soil NO3−-N and NH4+-N. There was a period of up to 50 days between planting and rapid crop N uptake during which loss of NO3−-N from the root zone could occur. Split fertilizer application reduced the risk of NO3−-N loss during this time, but resulted in reduced tuber yield in 1999. Strong vertical variation in soil inorganic N concentration was measured in the potato hill as a result of fertilizer banding and soil N mineralization at shallow depths. Soil inorganic N concentrations were elevated in the hill, but not in the furrow, resulting in strong horizontal variation in soil inorganic N concentrations in the potato hill. Despite this variation, a systematic sampling strategy where soil was sampled in the centre of the hill, the centre of the furrow, and mid-way between the hill and furrow, done in combination with elevation control of soil sampling, resulted in an unbiased estimate of soil inorganic N concentration in the potato hill. Key words: Solanum tuberosum, nitrification, nitrate leaching, mineralization, sampling strategies

Spatial and temporal variation in soil inorganic n concentration, and soil test P and K, in red raspberry fields and implications for soil sampling strategies

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
B J Zebarth ◽  
D M Dean ◽  
C G Kowalenko ◽  
J W Paul ◽  
K. Chipperfield
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Strategy ◽  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Sampling Strategies ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Soil Inorganic N ◽  
Soil Test P ◽  
Soil Inorganic

Fertilizer is commonly applied as a band in red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) fields, resulting in complex spatial and temporal variation in soil inorganic N concentration, and in soil test P and K. The objectives of this study were to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of soil inorganic N in red raspberry fields receiving different N fertility treatments, to use the data to determine the most appropriate sampling strategies for estimating the quantity of soil inorganic N at various times during the growing season, and to evaluate the same sampling strategies for soil test P and K. Treatments were a control that received no manure or fertilizer N, 55 kg N ha-1 as urea or as Duration T60, a slow release N fertilizer, banded in mid-April, or 100 kg total N ha-1 as solid broiler manure broadcast or banded in early March, or banded in mid-April. Soil inorganic N was sampled at 10 inter-row locations 8, 23, 38, 53, 68, 83, 98, 113, 128, and 143 cm from the crop row, and for 0–15, 15–30, and 30–60 cm depth, for four sampling dates for the control and urea treatments, and for 0–15 and 15–30 cm depth on one sampling date for the remaining treatments. Random sampling and four systematic sampling strategies were evaluated for their bias in estimating soil inorganic N concentration and soil test P and K, and with respect to the number of soil cores required to achieve a given precision and probability level combination. The random sampling strategy gave unbiased estimates of soil inorganic N and soil test P and K, however, the number of cores required to obtain a given precision at a given probability level were generally greater than for the systematic sampling strategies. The systematic sampling strategy involving sampling only in the crop row and in the centre of the inter-row, the current industry standard, gave expected values that could sometimes be substantially lower than the true value, and was therefore not recommended for use in raspberry fields. The best systematic sampling strategy used samples collected from the crop row, from the fertilizer band, from the centre of the inter-row, and from midway between the fertilizer band and the centre of the inter-row. Key words: Rubus idaeus, nitrate leaching, nitrification, nitrate, ammonium

Tillage, crop residue and crop sequence effects on nitrogen availability in a legume-based cropping system

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. K. Soon ◽  
M. A. Arshad
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Microbial Biomass N ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Soil Inorganic N ◽  
Crop Sequence ◽  
Extractable Soil ◽  
Soil Inorganic

A field study was conducted to determine the effects and interactions of crop sequence, tillage and residue management on labile N pools and their availability because such information is sparse. Experimental treatments were no-till (NT) vs. conventional tillage (CT), and removal vs. retention of straw, imposed on a barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)-canola (Brassica rapa L.)-field pea (Pisum sativum L.) rotation. 15N-labelling was used to quantify N uptake from straw, below-ground N (BGN), and fertilizer N. Straw retention increased soil microbial biomass N (MBN) in 2 of 3 yr at the four-leaf growth stage of barley, consistent with observed decreases in extractable soil inorganic N at seeding. However, crop yield and N uptake at maturity were not different between straw treatments. No tillage increased soil MBN, crop yield and N uptake compared to CT, but had no effect on extractable soil inorganic N. The greater availability of N under NT was probably related to soil moisture conservation. Tillage effects on soil and plant N were mostly independent of straw treatment. Straw and tillage treatments did not influence the uptake of N from its various sources. However, barley following pea (legume/non-legume sequence) derived a greater proportion of its N from BGN (13 to 23% or 9 to 23 kg N ha-1) than canola following barley (nonlegumes) (6 to 16% or 3 to 9 kg N ha-1). Fertilizer N constituted 8 to 11% of barley N uptake and 23 to 32% of canola N uptake. Straw N contributed only 1 to 3% of plant N uptake. This study showed the dominant influence of tillage on N availability, and of the preceding crop or cropping sequence on N uptake partitioning among available N sources. Key words: Crop residue, crop sequence, labile nitrogen, nitrogen uptake, pea, tillage

scholarly journals Seasonal patterns and related microclimatic drivers of soil inorganic nitrogen in an urban montane cloud forest

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Alberto Dominguez-Eusebio ◽  
Oscar Luis Briones ◽  
Yareni Perroni
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Dynamics ◽  
Urban Forest ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Cloud Forest ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Montane Cloud Forest ◽  
Soil Inorganic N ◽  
Rural Forest ◽  
Soil Inorganic

Abstract Understanding the matter and energy dynamics in environments with strong human influence is essential since it allows us to know relevant ecological drivers in urban green land areas. It has been hypothesized that biogeochemical cycles in urban forests are more open (susceptible to nutrients soil losses) with respect to rural forests near cities. However, it is not clear if this ecosystem function occurs in the same way in systems from different latitudes. Soil nutrient dynamics and microclimatic conditions of an urban and a nearby rural montane cloud forest were registered from January 2016 to July 2017. Our objective was to compare edaphic and micro-climatic factors that drive soil inorganic N dynamics in these forests. Climate was slightly cooler and drier, and soil C, N, P and organic matter were lower in the urban than the rural forest. Seasonal soil inorganic N forms were related to above ground conditions in the urban forest, but to the belowground conditions in the rural forest. Consistently low NH4:NO3 ratio indicated high susceptibility to N soil loss in the urban forest. Our results support the hypothesis that urban cloud forests are functioning as open ecosystems in contrast to the rural forests.

scholarly journals Fresh Market Tomato Yield and Soil Nitrogen as Affected by Tillage, Cover Cropping, and Nitrogen Fertilization

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 1258-1262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidat Yaffa ◽  
Bharat P. Singh ◽  
Upendra M. Sainju ◽  
K.C. Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Hairy Vetch ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Cover Cropping ◽  
Tomato Yield ◽  
Soil Inorganic N ◽  
Soil Inorganic

Sustainable practices are needed in vegetable production to maintain yield and to reduce the potential for soil erosion and N leaching. We examined the effects of tillage [no-till (NT), chisel plowing (CP), and moldboard plowing (MP)], cover cropping [hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) vs. winter weeds], N fertilization (0, 90, and 180 kg·ha-1 N), and date of sampling on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) yield, N uptake, and soil inorganic N in a Norfolk sandy loam in Fort Valley, Ga. for 2 years. Yield was greater with CP and MP than with NT in 1996 and was greater with 90 and 180 than with 0 kg·ha-1 N in 1996 and 1997. Similarly, aboveground tomato biomass (dry weight of stems + leaves + fruits) and N uptake were greater with CP and MP than with NT from 40 to 118 days after transplanting (DAT) in 1996; greater with hairy vetch than with winter weeds at 82 DAT in 1997; and greater with 90 or 180 than with 0 kg·ha-1 N at 97 DAT in 1996 and at 82 DAT in 1997. Soil inorganic N was greater with NT or CP than with MP at 0- to 10-cm depth at 0 and 30 DAT in 1996; greater with hairy vetch than with winter weeds at 0- to 10-cm and at 10- to 30-cm at 0 DAT in 1996 and 1997, respectively; and greater with 90 or 180 than with 0 kg·ha-1 N from 30 to 116 DAT in 1996 and 1997. Levels of soil inorganic N and tomato N uptake indicated that N release from cover crop residues was synchronized with N need by tomato, and that N fertilization should be done within 8 weeks of transplanting. Similar tomato yield, biomass, and N uptake with CP vs. MP and with 90 vs. 180 kg·ha-1 N suggests that minimum tillage, such as CP, and 90 kg·ha-1 N can better sustain tomato yield and reduce potentials for soil erosion and N leaching than can conventional tillage, such as MP, and 180 kg·ha-1 N, respectively. Because of increased vegetative cover in the winter, followed by increased mulch and soil N in the summer, hairy vetch can reduce the potential for soil erosion and the amount of N fertilization required for tomato better than can winter weeds.

Growing season nitrogen dynamics in manured soils in south coastal British Columbia: Implications for a soil nitrate test for silage corn

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Zebarth ◽  
J. W. Paul
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Soil Nitrate ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Total N ◽  
Soil Inorganic N ◽  
Coastal British Columbia ◽  
Soil Inorganic

Spring soil nitrate and ammonium dynamics in south coastal British Columbia soils were examined with respect to the potential to develop a soil nitrate test for silage corn (Zea mays, L.). Soil nitrate and ammonium contents were measured to 90 cm depth in two soils from April to July of two growing seasons. Treatments included a control, spring application of either 300 or 600 kg total N ha−1 as liquid dairy manure, or 200 kg N ha−1 as inorganic fertilizer. Significant amounts of ammonium were present until late May following manure and until mid-June following fertilizer application, requiring simultaneous determination of both nitrate and ammonium concentrations to assess soil inorganic N contents during this period. Most of the changes in soil nitrate over time occurred in the top 30 cm, suggesting that sampling to 30 cm depth would be sufficient in most cases for a soil nitrate test in this region. Most of the increase in soil inorganic N associated with the spring application of manure occurred by 1 June. A soil nitrate test in early to mid-June when the corn is at the six leaf stage appeared to be most suitable for use in south coastal British Columbia to determine if additional fertilizer N is required. A sample taken at this time will measure soil nitrate contents just before the period of rapid corn N uptake, after most of the additional inorganic N associated with spring manure application is already present in the soil as nitrate, and after nitrification of the manure ammonium has occurred. Key words: N recovery, preplant nitrate test, pre-sidedress soil nitrate test

scholarly journals Predicting Nitrogen Availability in Irrigated Potato Systems

2003 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 598-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.S. Snapp ◽  
A.M. Fortuna
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Tuber Yield ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
N Supply ◽  
Soil Inorganic N ◽  
Soil Inorganic

Growers lack practical decision aides that accurately predict nitrogen (N) credits for organic sources to adjust fertilizer rates. The simulation model, DSSAT, was used to predict N supply in relationship to N demand in irrigated potatoes (Solanum tuberosum). Tuber yield and soil inorganic N levels were substantially higher in the simulations than in field experiment observations, indicating the need for model improvement. DSSAT was successful at predicting relative mineralization rates and potato N uptake for different organic and inorganic N source combinations. Interestingly, both simulation and field experiment observations indicated that combining a high quality organic manure at 5000 lb/acre (5604.2 kg·ha-1), total applied N 250 lb/acre (280.2 kg·ha-1), and a fertilizer source of N 160 lb/acre (179.3 kg·ha-1) markedly increased yields and lowered leaching potential. Simulated tuber yield for the combined treatment was 660 cwt/acre (74.0 t·ha-1) with 48 lb/acre (53.8 kg·ha-1) inorganic-N in the profile at harvest, whereas the highest simulated N fertilizer response was to 235 lb/acre (263.4 kg.·ha-1), which produced 610 cwt/acre (68.4 t·ha-1) with 77 lb/acre (86.3 kg·ha-1) inorganic-N in the profile at harvest. The synchrony of N release and uptake for combined manure and fertilizer treatments may explain the efficient N uptake observed. Common soil types and weather scenarios in Michigan were simulated and indigenous soil N mineralization was predicted to be 6 lb/acre (6.7 kg·ha-1) inorganic-N in the topsoil at planting, similar to observed levels. The increasing aeration associated with a sandy versus a sandy loam soil only slightly increased the predicted rate of mineralization from organic inputs. Simulated soil inorganic N levels with different organic inputs was modestly increased in a warm spring [4.5 °F (2.50 °C) over normal temperatures] compared to a cool spring (-4.5 °F less than normal temperatures). For Michigan irrigated potato systems, DSSAT simulations indicate that the most important factor determining inorganic N supply will be the quality and quantity of organic inputs, not environmental conditions.

Nitrogen transformations and ammonia loss following injection and surface application of pig slurry: a laboratory experiment using slurry labelled with 15N-ammonium

2001 ◽  
Vol 136 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. CHADWICK ◽  
J. MARTINEZ ◽  
C. MAROL ◽  
F. BÉLINE
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Pig Slurry ◽  
Nitrogen Transformations ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Soil Inorganic N ◽  
Slurry Injection ◽  
Soil Inorganic

A laboratory experiment was designed to determine the fate of 15N-labelled slurry ammonium (15NH4-N) and compare soil inorganic-N distribution following surface applied or injected pig slurry. A system of cylindrical volatilization chambers equipped to allow continuous trapping of ammonia (NH3) was used. Undisturbed soil columns were placed in the chambers prior to the application of slurry. A nitrogen balance including soil, air and plant analysis was established for both treatments, 8 days after application. Average cumulative emissions of NH3 were 15% and 11% of the total ammoniacal-N added with the surface and injected treatments, respectively. After 8 days 55% of the 15NH4-N applied through slurry injection was recovered in the soil inorganic-N pool: 37% as 15NH4-N and 18% as 15NO3-N. These figures compare with only 25% 15NH4-N recovered with the surface applied slurry treatment: 7% as 15NH-N and 17% as 15NO3-N. Immobilization into soil organic-N accounted for 8% of the 15NH4-N applied for the injected treatment and 6% of the surface applied slurry-15N. 15N uptake by the grass was 2% and 7% for the injected and surface applied treatments, respectively. The percentage of added 15N accounted for was 76% for the injected treatment and 53% for the surface applied slurry treatment.

Strip Intercropping of Rye–Vetch Mixtures: Effects on Weed Growth and Competition in Strip-tilled Sweet Corn

Weed Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn J. Lowry ◽  
Daniel C. Brainard
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Corn ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Hairy Vetch ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Cereal Rye ◽  
Soil Inorganic N ◽  
Strip Intercropping ◽  
Soil Inorganic

AbstractStrip-intercropping of functionally diverse cover crop mixtures including cereal rye (Secale cerealeL.) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosaRoth) is one mechanism by which nitrogen (N) banding can be applied to an organic, strip-tilled system to increase crop competitiveness over weeds. We hypothesized that by targeting hairy vetch, a low C:N legume, to the tilled strip directly in row with future crop establishment, and cereal rye, a high C:N grass, to the untilled strip directly between future crop rows, that N would be preferentially available to the crop. We conducted a field study between 2011 to 2013 in southwest Michigan to examine the effects of rye–vetch mixture spatial arrangement (strip intercropping vs. full-width mixture) on (1) soil inorganic N; (2) weed biomass; and (3) sweet corn (Zea maysL.) biomass, yield, and competitiveness against weeds. We found that as the proportion of vetch biomass in the crop row (in-row, IR) increased, we also saw increasing levels of IR soil inorganic N and greater early sweet corn N uptake and growth relative to weeds. However, sweet corn yield and final biomass were more responsive to vetch biomass across the whole plot (WP) and did not respond to rye and vetch segregation into strips. Increasing vetch WP biomass increased sweet corn final biomass across both years, but only increased corn competitiveness against weeds in 1 out of 2 years and decreased sweet corn competitiveness in the other year. Strip-intercropping of cereal rye and hairy vetch has potential to increase soil N availability to the crop, thereby increasing early crop competitiveness, which may lower weed management costs.

The effect of flood irrigation and nitrogen source on the fate of nitrogen fertilizer applied to pasture

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 107 ◽  
Author(s):  
GN Mundy ◽  
WK Mason
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Flood Irrigation ◽  
Dominant Form ◽  
Total Recovery ◽  
Soil Inorganic N ◽  
Fate Of Nitrogen ◽  
Soil Inorganic

The effects of flood irrigation on soil inorganic nitrogen (N) and on the recovery of 15N from 15N-labelled fertilizers were studied in two pasture experiments. In the first, changes in soil inorganic N were measured during a flood irrigation cycle after fertilization with 0 or 100 kg N ha-1 as ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3). In the second experiment, the recovery of 15N from 15N -labelled fertilizers (50 kg N ha-1 as NH4NO3, urea or urea plus nitrapyrin) was determined in field microplots under three irrigation regimes (0, 6 and 24 h ponding).Soil inorganic N in the unfertilized pasture remained relatively low (< 12 kg N ha-') during the irrigation cycle with ammonium (NH4+) the dominant form of inorganic N. In pasture fertilized with NH4N03 there was a rapid decline in both NH4+ and nitrate (NO3-) in the soil during the 48 h period after the first irrigation. The decline in NH4+ was less rapid than that of NO3-. Presumably immobilization, nitrification and pasture uptake contributed to the disappearance of NH4+ from the soil.In the second experiment total recovery of applied 15N ranged from 65 to 91%, with about half recovered from the pasture and half from the soil plus roots. The lowest recoveries of applied N occurred with NH4NO3with 24 h ponding.Recovery of the urea nitrogen was unaffected by ponding time, making it a more efficient form of N to apply to irrigated pastures.

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