Nerium oleander is a medicinal plant. Apart from its ethnopharmacological
uses, pharmacognostic studies have revealed several of its bioactivities.
Previously we demonstrated that the phenolic and flavonoid rich extracts of
oleander leaf, stem and root possess potent antioxidant and free radical
scavenging activities. Moreover, the leaf extract actively modulates the
Th1/Th2 cytokine balance and exerts anti-inflammatory activities on murine
splenic lymphocytes. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate
the effect of oleander leaf, stem and root extracts on phagocytosis and the
free radical-related activities of murine peritoneal macrophages. In
addition, phytochemical profiling was performed using gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results demonstrated that the
increase in phagocytosis and decrease in myeloperoxidase (MPO) were in the
order of leaf>root>stem. The inhibition of cell adhesion, nitric oxide (NO)
and elevation of respiratory burst activity was in the order of
leaf>stem>root. However, the bioactivities of the leaf extract were much
high than those of the stem and root extracts. Phytochemical analysis also
revealed the presence of several bioactive constituents in oleander
extracts. Therefore, the present study demonstrated that oleander possesses
the capacity to modulate macrophage activities and the bioactivities are
attributed to the numerous phytochemicals identified in oleander extracts.