Adoptive immunotherapy of lung cancer with immobilized anti-TCRγδ antibody-expanded human γδ T Cells in peripheral blood

Adoptive cell immunotherapy (ACT) is a vibrant field of cancer treatment that began progressive development in the 1980s. One of the most prominent and promising examples is chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell immunotherapy for the treatment of B-cell hematologic malignancies. Despite success in the treatment of B-cell lymphomas and leukemia, CAR T-cell therapy remains mostly ineffective for solid tumors. This is due to several reasons, such as the heterogeneity of the cellular composition in solid tumors, the need for directed migration and penetration of CAR T-cells against the pressure gradient in the tumor stroma, and the immunosuppressive microenvironment. To substantially improve the clinical efficacy of ACT against solid tumors, researchers might need to look closer into recent developments in the other branches of adoptive immunotherapy, both traditional and innovative. In this review, we describe the variety of adoptive cell therapies beyond CAR T-cell technology, i.e., exploitation of alternative cell sources with a high therapeutic potential against solid tumors (e.g., CAR M-cells) or aiming to be universal allogeneic (e.g., CAR NK-cells, γδ T-cells), tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and transgenic T-cell receptor (TCR) T-cell immunotherapies. In addition, we discuss the strategies for selection and validation of neoantigens to achieve efficiency and safety. We provide an overview of non-conventional TCRs and CARs, and address the problem of mispairing between the cognate and transgenic TCRs. Finally, we summarize existing and emerging approaches for manufacturing of the therapeutic cell products in traditional, semi-automated and fully automated Point-of-Care (PoC) systems.

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Durvalumab and tremelimumab with or without stereotactic body radiation therapy in relapsed small cell lung cancer: a randomized phase II study

Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer ◽

10.1136/jitc-2020-001302 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. e001302

Author(s):

Suchita Pakkala ◽

Kristin Higgins ◽

Zhengjia Chen ◽

Gabriel Sica ◽

Conor Steuer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lung Cancer ◽

T Cells ◽

Radiation Therapy ◽

Small Cell Lung Cancer ◽

Cell Lung Cancer ◽

Peripheral Blood ◽

Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy ◽

Small Cell ◽

Small Cell Lung ◽

Stereotactic Body Radiation

BackgroundImmune checkpoint blockade (ICB) targeting programmed cell death protein 1 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 has achieved modest clinical activity as salvage therapy in relapsed small cell lung cancer (SCLC). We conducted this signal-finding study to assess the efficacy of ICB with or without radiation in relapsed SCLC.MethodsPatients with relapsed SCLC and ≤2 previous lines of therapy were randomized to (1) arm A: durvalumab (D) 1500 mg/tremelimumab (T) 75 mg (intravenously every 4 weeks without stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT)) or (2) arm B: immune-sensitizing SBRT to one selected tumor site (9 Gy × 3 fractions) followed by D/T. Treatment continued until progression or a maximum of 12 months. The co-primary endpoints of the study were overall response rate (ORR) and progression-free survival (PFS). We evaluated circulating lymphocyte repertoire in serial peripheral blood samples and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) from on-treatment biopsies as pharmacodynamic markers.ResultsEighteen patients were randomized to arms A and B (n=9 each): median age 70 years; 41.2% women. The median PFS and ORR were 2.1 months and 0% in arm A and 3.3 months and 28.6% in arm B. The median overall survival (OS) was 2.8 months in arm A and 5.7 months in arm B (p=0.3772). Pooled efficacy of D/T±SBRT in 15 Response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST) evaluable patients across both arms showed the best ORR in terms of partial response in 13.3%, stable disease in 26.6% and progressive disease in 60.0%; the overall median PFS and OS were 2.76 and 3.9 months. The most common adverse events were grade 1 fatigue (66%) and grade 1 elevated amylase (56%) in arm A, and grade 1 fatigue (56%) and pain (44%) in arm B. There was a significant increase in activated CD8(+)ICOS+ T cells (p=0.048) and a reduction in naïve T cells (p=0.0454) in peripheral blood following treatment, along with a significant amount of activated CD8+ICOS+ T cells in TILs from responders.ConclusionsThe D/T combination with and without SBRT was safe but did not show sufficient efficacy signal in relapsed SCLC. Changes in peripheral blood lymphocyte and TILs were consistent with an immunologic response.Trial registration numberNCT02701400.

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Shorter telomere length of T-cells in peripheral blood of patients with lung cancer

OncoTargets and Therapy ◽

10.2147/ott.s98488 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 2675 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Lili Yang ◽

Yaqin Qian ◽

Tingting Ding ◽

Lijuan Wei ◽

Shui Cao

Keyword(s):

Lung Cancer ◽

T Cells ◽

Telomere Length ◽

Peripheral Blood

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CD8+CD57+ T cells exhibit distinct features in human non-small cell lung cancer

Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer ◽

10.1136/jitc-2020-000639 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. e000639

Author(s):

Bing Huang ◽

Rong Liu ◽

Peiliang Wang ◽

Zhiwei Yuan ◽

Jianjian Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lung Cancer ◽

T Cells ◽

Small Cell Lung Cancer ◽

Peripheral Blood ◽

Proliferative Activity ◽

Granzyme B ◽

Small Cell ◽

Small Cell Lung ◽

Functional Maturation ◽

Draining Lymph Nodes

BackgroundThe repetitive antigen stimulation during chronic infection often leads to the accumulation of CD8+CD57+ T cells. These cells express high levels of interferon-γ, granzyme B and perforin with elevated cytolytic effect, and are considered as the most potent cells for combating chronical viral infection. The status of CD8+CD57+ T cells in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has not been well defined.MethodsWe used flow cytometry and undertook a systemic approach to examine the frequency, immunophenotyping and functional properties of CD8+CD57+ T cells in the peripheral blood, tumor tissue and the corresponding normal tissue, as well as lung draining lymph nodes, of patients with NSCLC.ResultsCD57+ T cells expressed high levels of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) in all tested compartments and were predominantly CD8+ T cells. These cells in the peripheral blood displayed a terminally differentiated phenotype as defined by loss of CD27 and CD28 while expressing KLRG1. CD8+CD57+ T cells exhibited enhanced cytotoxic potencies and impaired proliferative capability. Unlike CD57+ T cells in the peripheral blood, a significant proportion of CD57+ T cells in the primary tumors expressed CD27 and CD28. CD8+CD57+ T cells in tumors lacked cytotoxic activity. The proliferative activity of these cells was also impaired. CD8+CD57+ T cells in the corresponding normal lung tissues shared similarities with their counterparts in peripheral blood rather than their counterparts in tumors. The vast majority of CD8+CD57+ T cells in lung draining lymph nodes were positive for CD27 and CD28. These cells were unable to produce perforin and granzyme B, but their proliferative activity was preserved. CD8+CD57+ T cells in tumors displayed an inferior response to PD-1 blockade compared with their CD8+CD57- counterparts. Interleukin (IL)-15 preferentially restored the effector function of these cells. Additionally, IL-15 was able to restore the impaired proliferative activity of CD8+CD57+ T cells in tumors and peripheral blood.ConclusionsOur data indicate that the failure of the immune system to fight cancer progression could be a result of impaired CD8+ T-cell functional maturation into fully differentiated effector T cells within the tumor microenvironment. Boosting IL-15 activity might promote tumor-reactive CD8+ T-cell functional maturation while preserving their proliferative activity.

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Expression of PD-1 on CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood associates with poor clinical outcome in non-small cell lung cancer

Oncotarget ◽

10.18632/oncotarget.9316 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 7 (35) ◽

pp. 56233-56240 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Hong Zheng ◽

Xin Liu ◽

Jianhong Zhang ◽

Shawn J. Rice ◽

Matthias Wagman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lung Cancer ◽

T Cells ◽

Clinical Outcome ◽

Small Cell Lung Cancer ◽

Cell Lung Cancer ◽

Peripheral Blood ◽

Cd4 T Cells ◽

Small Cell ◽

Small Cell Lung ◽

Poor Clinical Outcome

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Interleukin-35 Suppresses the Antitumor Activity of T Cells in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry ◽

10.1159/000491615 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 47 (6) ◽

pp. 2407-2419 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Hong-Min Wang ◽

Xiao-Hong Zhang ◽

Ming-Ming Feng ◽

Yan-Jun Qiao ◽

Li-Qun Ye ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lung Cancer ◽

T Cells ◽

Small Cell Lung Cancer ◽

Cell Lung Cancer ◽

Cd8 T Cells ◽

Peripheral Blood ◽

Cd4 T Cells ◽

Small Cell ◽

Small Cell Lung ◽

Nsclc Patients

Background/Aims: Interleukin (IL)-35 has immunosuppressive functions in autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, and certain cancers. However, few studies have focused on its immunoregulatory activity in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Thus, we investigated the role of IL-35 in the pathogenesis of this disease. Methods: A total of 66 NSCLC patients and 21 healthy individuals were enrolled. IL-35 expression in peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was measured. The modulatory functions of IL-35 on purified CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from NSCLC patients were investigated in direct and indirect coculture systems with NSCLC cell lines. Results: IL-35 expression was significantly increased in BALF from the tumor site, but not in the peripheral blood of NSCLC patients. IL-35 did not affect the bioactivity including proliferation, cytokine production, cell cycle, and cellular invasion of NSCLC cells. It suppressed responses from type 1 T helper (Th1) and Th17 cells but elevated the regulatory T cell response in cultured CD4+ T cells from NSCLC patients, and reduced cytokine-mediated CD4+ T cells cytotoxicity to NSCLC cells. Moreover, IL-35 also inhibited cytotoxic gene expression in CD8+ T cells from NSCLC, reducing their cytolytic and noncytolytic functions. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that IL-35 contributes to the dysfunction/exhaustion of T cells and limited antitumor immune responses in NSCLC.

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The BTLA and PD‐1 signaling pathways independently regulate the proliferation and cytotoxicity of human peripheral blood γδ T cells

Immunity Inflammation and Disease ◽

10.1002/iid3.390 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Hyun J. Hwang ◽

Jae J. Lee ◽

Sung H. Kang ◽

Jin K. Suh ◽

Eun S. Choi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Signaling Pathways ◽

Peripheral Blood ◽

Human Peripheral Blood ◽

Γδ T Cells

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The prognostic role of circulating CD8+ T cell proliferation in patients with untreated extensive stage small cell lung cancer

Journal of Translational Medicine ◽

10.1186/s12967-019-02160-7 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ning An ◽

Haoyi Wang ◽

Wenxiao Jia ◽

Wang Jing ◽

Chao Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lung Cancer ◽

T Cells ◽

Small Cell Lung Cancer ◽

T Lymphocyte ◽

Cell Lung Cancer ◽

Peripheral Blood ◽

Small Cell ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Small Cell Lung ◽

Proliferation Potential

Abstract Background Immunosuppression caused by tumorigenesis may promote tumor progress and invasion. Here, we investigated whether the characteristics of circulating T lymphocyte subtypes in patients with extensive small cell lung cancer (ED-SCLC) can be used as an alternative marker of tumor progression. Methods This study included 36 newly diagnosed ED-SCLC patients before treatment and the patients were followed up. 22 age and sex-matched healthy volunteers were selected as control. The percentages and proliferation potential of T lymphocyte subpopulations from peripheral blood were measured. Results CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) were elevated in ED-SCLC patients compared with healthy controls (p = 0.0083). In contrast, the percentages of CD3+ and CD3+CD4+ T cells were significantly lower in SCLC patients (p < 0.001; p = 0.0014). The proliferation (%divided) of CD8+ T cells of SCLC patients was suppressed compared with healthy controls (p = 0.0058), but not of CD4+ T cells (p = 0.1611). Multivariate analyses showed that the %divided of CD8+ T cells is an independent predictor for PFS (HR: 4.342, 95% CI 1.324–14.245; p = 0.015). The percentages of peripheral Tregs and the degree of chemotherapy or radiotherapy induced lymphopenia negatively correlated with the proliferation of CD8+ T cells (p = 0.0225, r = − 0.379; p = 0.0003, r = − 0.464). Conclusion The present study indicates that SCLC patients have impaired immunity in peripheral blood, and the proliferation potential of circulating CD8+ T cells is a significant predicator for PFS.

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