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Pharmaceutics ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 150
Author(s):  
Siddesh V. Hartimath ◽  
Boominathan Ramasamy ◽  
Tan Yun Xuan ◽  
Tang Jun Rong ◽  
Shivashankar Khanapur ◽  
...  

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) block checkpoint receptors that tumours use for immune evasion, allowing immune cells to target and destroy cancer cells. Despite rapid advancements in immunotherapy, durable response rates to ICIs remains low. To address this, combination clinical trials are underway assessing whether adjuvants can enhance responsiveness by increasing tumour immunogenicity. CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN) are synthetic DNA fragments containing an unmethylated cysteine-guanosine motif that stimulate the innate and adaptive immune systems by engaging Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) present on the plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and B cells. Here, we have assessed the ability of AlF-mNOTA-GZP, a peptide tracer targeting granzyme B, to serve as a PET imaging biomarker in response to CpG-ODN 1585 in situ vaccine therapy delivered intratumourally (IT) or intraperitoneally (IP) either as monotherapy or in combination with αPD1. [18F]AlF-mNOTA-GZP was able to differentiate treatment responders from non-responders based on tumour uptake. Furthermore, [18F]AlF-mNOTA-GZP showed positive associations with changes in tumour-associated lymphocytes expressing GZB, namely GZB+ CD8+ T cells, and decreases in suppressive F4/80+ cells. [18F]AlF-mNOTA-GZP tumour uptake was mediated by GZB expressing CD8+ cells and successfully stratifies therapy responders from non-responders, potentially acting as a non-invasive biomarker for ICIs and combination therapy evaluation in a clinical setting.


Author(s):  
Greg Hodge ◽  
Hubertus Jersmann ◽  
Hai B Tran ◽  
Patrick F Asare ◽  
Minnu Jayapal ◽  
...  

Abstract We previously showed increased steroid resistant CD28null CD8+ senescent lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood from COPD patients. These cells expressed decreased levels of the glucocorticoid receptor (GCR), suggesting their contribution to the steroid resistant property of these cells. COPD is a disease of the small airways. We therefore hypothesized that there would be a further increase in these steroid resistant lymphocytes in the lung, particularly in the small airways. We further hypothesized that the pro-inflammatory/cytotoxic potential of these cells could be negated using prednisolone with low-dose cyclosporin A. Blood, bronchoalveolar lavage, large proximal and small distal airway brushings were collected from 11 COPD patients and 10 healthy aged-matched controls. The cytotoxic mediator granzyme b, pro-inflammatory cytokines IFNγ/TNFα, and GCR were determined in lymphocytes subsets before and after their exposure to 1µM prednisolone and/or 2.5ng/mL cyclosporin A. Particularly in the small airways, COPD subjects showed an increased percentage of CD28null CD8 T-cells and NKT-like cells, with increased expression of granzyme b, IFNγ and TNFα and a loss of GCR, compared with controls. Significant negative correlations between small airway GCR expression and IFNγ/TNFα production by T and NKT-like cells (eg, T-cell IFNγ R= -.834, p=.031) and with FEV1 (R= -890) were shown. Cyclosporine A and prednisolone synergistically increased GCR expression and inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokine production by CD28null CD8- T and NKT-like cells. COPD is associated with increased pro-inflammatory CD28null CD8+ T and NKT-like cells in the small airways. Treatments that increase GCR in these lymphocyte subsets may improve efficacy of clinical treatment.


2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. e003543
Author(s):  
Chunwan Lu ◽  
Dafeng Yang ◽  
John D Klement ◽  
Yolonda L Colson ◽  
Nicholas H Oberlies ◽  
...  

BackgroundGranzyme B is a key effector of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), and its expression level positively correlates with the response of patients with mesothelioma to immune checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy. Whether metabolic pathways regulate Gzmb expression in CTLs is incompletely understood.MethodsA tumor-specific CTL and tumor coculture model and a tumor-bearing mouse model were used to determine the role of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) in CTL function and tumor immune evasion. A link between granzyme B expression and patient survival was analyzed in human patients with epithelioid mesothelioma.ResultsMesothelioma cells alone are sufficient to activate tumor-specific CTLs and to enhance aerobic glycolysis to induce a PD-1hi Gzmblo CTL phenotype. However, inhibition of lactate dehydrogenase A, the key enzyme of the aerobic glycolysis pathway, has no significant effect on tumor-induced CTL activation. Tumor cells induce H3K9me3 deposition at the promoter of G6pd, the gene that encodes the rate-limiting enzyme G6PD in the pentose phosphate pathway, to downregulate G6pd expression in tumor-specific CTLs. G6PD activation increases acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) production to increase H3K9ac deposition at the Gzmb promoter and to increase Gzmb expression in tumor-specific CTLs converting them from a Gzmblo to a Gzmbhi phenotype, thus increasing CTL tumor lytic activity. Activation of G6PD increases Gzmb+ tumor-specific CTLs and suppresses tumor growth in tumor-bearing mice. Consistent with these findings, GZMB expression level was found to correlate with increased survival in patients with epithelioid mesothelioma.ConclusionG6PD is a metabolic checkpoint in tumor-activated CTLs. The H3K9me3/G6PD/acetyl-CoA/H3K9ac/Gzmb pathway is particularly important in CTL activation and immune evasion in epithelioid mesothelioma.


PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0262198
Author(s):  
Anneleen Daemen ◽  
Akshata R. Udyavar ◽  
Thomas Sandmann ◽  
Congfen Li ◽  
Linda J. W. Bosch ◽  
...  

Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths, with a 5% 5-year survival rate for metastatic disease, yet with limited therapeutic advancements due to insufficient understanding of and inability to accurately capture high-risk CRC patients who are most likely to recur. We aimed to improve high-risk classification by identifying biological pathways associated with outcome in adjuvant stage II/III CRC. Methods and findings We included 1062 patients with stage III or high-risk stage II colon carcinoma from the prospective three-arm randomized phase 3 AVANT trial, and performed expression profiling to identify a prognostic signature. Data from validation cohort GSE39582, The Cancer Genome Atlas, and cell lines were used to further validate the prognostic biology. Our retrospective analysis of the adjuvant AVANT trial uncovered a prognostic signature capturing three biological functions—stromal, proliferative and immune—that outperformed the Consensus Molecular Subtypes (CMS) and recurrence prediction signatures like Oncotype Dx in an independent cohort. Importantly, within the immune component, high granzyme B (GZMB) expression had a significant prognostic impact while other individual T-effector genes were less or not prognostic. In addition, we found GZMB to be endogenously expressed in CMS2 tumor cells and to be prognostic in a T cell independent fashion. A limitation of our study is that these results, although robust and derived from a large dataset, still need to be clinically validated in a prospective study. Conclusions This work furthers our understanding of the underlying biology that propagates stage II/III CRC disease progression and provides scientific rationale for future high-risk stratification and targeted treatment evaluation in biomarker defined subpopulations of resectable high-risk CRC. Our results also shed light on an alternative GZMB source with context-specific implications on the disease’s unique biology.


2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. e1010137
Author(s):  
Alexander C. Dowell ◽  
Tracey A. Haigh ◽  
Gordon B. Ryan ◽  
James E. Turner ◽  
Heather M. Long ◽  
...  

Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) infects more than 95% of the population whereupon it establishes a latent infection of B-cells that persists for life under immune control. Primary EBV infection can cause infectious mononucleosis (IM) and long-term viral carriage is associated with several malignancies and certain autoimmune diseases. Current efforts developing EBV prophylactic vaccination have focussed on neutralising antibodies. An alternative strategy, that could enhance the efficacy of such vaccines or be used alone, is to generate T-cell responses capable of recognising and eliminating newly EBV-infected cells before the virus initiates its growth transformation program. T-cell responses against the EBV structural proteins, brought into the newly infected cell by the incoming virion, are prime candidates for such responses. Here we show the structural EBV capsid proteins BcLF1, BDLF1 and BORF1 are frequent targets of T-cell responses in EBV infected people, identify new CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell epitopes and map their HLA restricting alleles. Using T-cell clones we demonstrate that CD4+ but not CD8+ T-cell clones specific for the capsid proteins can recognise newly EBV-infected B-cells and control B-cell outgrowth via cytotoxicity. Using MHC-II tetramers we show a CD4+ T-cell response to an epitope within the BORF1 capsid protein epitope is present during acute EBV infection and in long-term viral carriage. In common with other EBV-specific CD4+ T-cell responses the BORF1-specific CD4+ T-cells in IM patients expressed perforin and granzyme-B. Unexpectedly, perforin and granzyme-B expression was sustained over time even when the donor had entered the long-term infected state. These data further our understanding of EBV structural proteins as targets of T-cell responses and how CD4+ T-cell responses to EBV change from acute disease into convalescence. They also identify new targets for prophylactic EBV vaccine development.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Julian L. Goggi ◽  
Boominathan Ramasamy ◽  
Yun Xuan Tan ◽  
Siddesh V. Hartimath ◽  
Jun Rong Tang ◽  
...  

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a notoriously difficult cancer to treat. The recent development of immune checkpoint inhibitors has revolutionised HCC therapy; however, successful response is only observed in a small percentage of patients. Biomarkers typically used to predict treatment response in other tumour types are ineffective in HCC, which arises in an immune-suppressive environment. However, imaging markers that measure changes in tumour infiltrating immune cells may supply information that can be used to determine which patients are responding to therapy posttreatment. We have evaluated [18F]AlF-mNOTA-GZP, a radiolabeled peptide targeting granzyme B, to stratify response to ICIs in a HEPA 1-tumours, a syngeneic model of HCC. Posttherapy, in vivo tumour retention of [18F]AlF-mNOTA-GZP was correlated to changes in tumour volume and tumour-infiltrating immune cells. [18F]AlF-mNOTA-GZP successfully stratified response to immune checkpoint inhibition in the syngeneic HEPA 1-6 model. FACS indicated significant changes in the immune environment including a decrease in immune suppressive CD4+ T regulatory cells and increases in tumour-associated GZB+ NK+ cells, which correlated well with tumour radiopharmaceutical uptake. While the immune response to ICI therapies differs in HCC compared to many other cancers, [18F]AlF-mNOTA-GZP retention is able to stratify response to ICI therapy associated with tumour infiltrating GZB+ NK+ cells in this complex tumour microenvironment.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen E. Sparger ◽  
Hong Chang ◽  
Ning Chin ◽  
Robert B. Rebhun ◽  
Sita S. Withers ◽  
...  

Investigation of canine T cell immunophenotypes in canine melanomas as prognostic biomarkers for disease progression or predictive biomarkers for targeted immunotherapeutics remains in preliminary stages. We aimed to examine T cell phenotypes and function in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and baseline tumor samples by flow cytometry, and to compare patient (n = 11–20) T cell phenotypes with healthy controls dogs (n = 10–20). CD3, CD4, CD8, CD25, FoxP3, Ki67, granzyme B, and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) were used to classify T cell subsets in resting and mitogen stimulated PBMCs. In a separate patient cohort (n = 11), T cells were classified using CD3, CD4, CD8, FoxP3, and granzyme B in paired PBMC and single cell suspensions of tumor samples. Analysis of flow cytometric data of individual T cell phenotypes in PBMC revealed specific T cell phenotypes including FoxP3+ and CD25+FoxP3- populations that distinguished patients from healthy controls. Frequencies of IFN-γ+ cells after ConA stimulation identified two different patient phenotypic responses, including a normal/exaggerated IFN-γ response and a lower response suggesting dysfunction. Principle component analysis of selected T cell immunophenotypes also distinguished patients and controls for T cell phenotype and revealed a clustering of patients based on metastasis detected at diagnosis. Findings supported the overall hypothesis that canine melanoma patients display a T cell immunophenotype profile that is unique from healthy pet dogs and will guide future studies designed with larger patient cohorts necessary to further characterize prognostic T cell immunophenotypes.


2021 ◽  
pp. 113846
Author(s):  
Heru Agung Saputra ◽  
Jae Heun Chung ◽  
Seong Hoon Yoon ◽  
Kyeong-Deok Seo ◽  
Deog-Su Park ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Vol 140 ◽  
pp. 217-224
Author(s):  
Mingxin Bai ◽  
Liling Xu ◽  
Huaqun Zhu ◽  
Jimeng Xue ◽  
Tian Liu ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yumi Mitsuyama ◽  
Kazuma Yamakawa ◽  
Katsuhide Kayano ◽  
Miho Maruyama ◽  
Takeshi Wada ◽  
...  

AbstractWe evaluated the peripheral blood immune responses of lymphocytes in severe Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients in different stages of recovery using single-cell mass cytometry. The patients with prolonged hospitalization did not show recovery of B lymphocyte counts and CD4-positive T lymphocyte counts but did show abundant CD8-positive T lymphocytes. CD4 and CD8 T cells expressing high levels of T-bet and Granzyme B were more abundant in post-recovery patients. This study showed that cytotoxic Th1 and CD8 T cells are recruited to the peripheral blood long after recovery from COVID-19.


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