Estimation of Fluoride Level in Drinking Water and Prevalence of Dental Fluorosis in Vairag Village of Solapur District, Maharashtra, India: A Cross Sectional Study

Background. Diarrheal diseases are still one of the major causes of morbidity in under-five children in sub-Saharan Africa. In Ethiopia, diarrhea is responsible for 9% of all deaths and is the major cause of under-five mortality. Objective. To assess the impact of community-led total sanitation and hygiene on the prevalence of diarrheal disease and factors associated among under-five children in Gamo Gofa Zone. Methods. Community-based comparative cross-sectional study design was used to compare the impact of community-led total sanitation and hygiene intervention on under-five diarrheal disease. Multistage sampling method was employed. The data were collected by using pretested structured questionnaires. Data quality was ensured by daily supervision completeness and consistency. The data were coded, entered, and cleaned by using Epi Info version 7 and were analyzed by using SPSS version 20. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were carried out by using binary logistic regression. Significance was declared by using p value of <0.05 and AOR with 95% confidence intervals. Results. The response rate of this study was 93.3%. The overall diarrhea prevalence was 27.5% (CI = (24.06, 30.97)) which was 18.9% (CI = (14.94, 23.2)) in implemented and 36.2%. (CI = (30.41, 41.59)) in nonimplemented woredas. Children whose age was between 12 and 23 months (AOR = 1.6) and greater than 24 months (AOR = 5), availability of handwashing facilities (AOR = 4), disposal of waste in open field (AOR = 9.7), unimproved source of drinking water (AOR = 6.5), using only water for handwashing (AOR = 6), children who started complementary feeding less than 6 months (AOR = 5.6) and greater than 6 months (AOR = 5.2), and utensils used to feed children such as bottle (AOR = 3.9) were the factors positively associated with diarrhea. Conclusion. The overall prevalence of under-five diarrhea was 27.5%. The prevalence was low in CLTSH woredas as compared with non-CLTSH woredas. The study showed that handwashing facility, using only water for handwashing, open refuse disposal, and unimproved source of drinking water among under-five had a statistically significant association with diarrhea occurrence in CLTSH nonimplemented areas. Integrated efforts are needed from the Ministry of Health together with the WASH Project in improving drinking water, handwashing facilities, and solid waste disposal practices.

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Oral Health Status of 12-Year-Old Hani Children in the Yunnan Province of China: A Cross-Sectional Study

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18105294 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (10) ◽

pp. 5294

Author(s):

Kitty Jieyi Chen ◽

Ni Zhou ◽

Biao Xu ◽

Yuexiao Li ◽

Shinan Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Status ◽

Oral Health ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Yunnan Province ◽

Dental Fluorosis ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Oral Health Status ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Gingival Bleeding

Background: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the oral health status of Hani 12-year-old children in Yunnan, a province in Southwest China. Method: This study employed a multistage sampling method to recruit children from local primary schools. Two calibrated dentists examined the status of dental caries, gingival bleeding and dental fluorosis by adopting the diagnosis criteria recommended by the World Health Organization. A self-administrated questionnaire was distributed. The chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression were conducted. Results: This study invited 480 Hani children, and recruited 413 children (52% boys) (response rate: 86%). The dental caries prevalence was 52%, and the caries experience associated with the mean (standard deviation) decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) score was 1.10 (1.46). Gingival bleeding was diagnosed in 252 children (61%), and dental fluorosis was found in two children (0.5%). The results of the regression model indicated the prevalence of dental caries were associated with sugary snacking habits (p = 0.002). The prevalence of gingival bleeding was related to the mother’s education level as well as the child’s monthly pocket money (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Dental caries and gingival bleeding were prevalent among 12-year-old Hani children in the Yunnan province in China. Dental fluorosis was uncommon.

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Prevalence, characteristics and correlates of enteric pathogenic protozoa in drinking water sources in Molyko and Bomaka, Cameroon: a cross-sectional study

BMC Microbiology ◽

10.1186/s12866-016-0890-5 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Fuh Anold Nsoh ◽

Buh Amos Wung ◽

Julius Atashili ◽

Pokam Thumamo Benjamin ◽

Eba Marvlyn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Water Sources ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Drinking Water Sources

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Metals Exposures of Residents Living Near the Akaki River in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Journal of Environmental and Public Health ◽

10.1155/2015/935297 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ellen Yard ◽

Tesfaye Bayleyegn ◽

Almaz Abebe ◽

Andualem Mekonnen ◽

Matthew Murphy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Addis Ababa ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Reference Value ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

World Health ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Metal Levels ◽

Akaki River

Background. The Akaki River in Ethiopia has been found to contain elevated levels of several metals. Our objectives were to characterize metals exposures of residents living near the Akaki River and to assess metal levels in their drinking water.Methods. In 2011, we conducted a cross-sectional study of 101 households in Akaki-Kality subcity (near the Akaki River) and 50 households in Yeka subcity (distant to the Akaki River). One willing adult in each household provided urine, blood, and drinking water sample.Results. Urinary molybdenum (p<0.001), tungsten (p<0.001), lead (p<0.001), uranium (p<0.001), and mercury (p=0.049) were higher in Akaki-Kality participants compared to Yeka participants. Participants in both subcities had low urinary iodine; 45% met the World Health Organization (WHO) classification for being at risk of moderate iodine deficiency. In Yeka, 47% of households exceeded the WHO aesthetic-based reference value for manganese; in Akaki-Kality, only 2% of households exceeded this value (p<0.001). There was no correlation between metals levels in water samples and clinical specimens.Conclusions. Most of the exposures found during this investigation seem unlikely to cause acute health effects based on known toxic thresholds. However, toxicity data for many of these metals are very limited.

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Assessment on drinking water handling and sanitation practices in an urban community of Imphal East, Manipur: A cross-sectional study

National Journal of Community Medicine ◽

10.5455/njcm.20210501125416 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

joymati oinam ◽

joenna ningombam

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Urban Community ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Water Handling

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Prevalence of Dental Caries among 13 and 15-Year-Old School Children in an Endemic Fluorosis Area: A Cross-sectional Study

The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice ◽

10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1074 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 447-450 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

P Sudhakar ◽

K Amarendher Reddy ◽

BR Anuradha ◽

G Sri Laxmi ◽

VN Malik ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dental Caries ◽

School Children ◽

Andhra Pradesh ◽

Dental Fluorosis ◽

Age Groups ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Male Students ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Endemic Fluorosis ◽

Cross Sectional

ABSTRACT Aim To assess the prevalence of dental caries and dental fluorosis among 13- to 15-year-old school children in Panyam, Andhra Pradesh, India. Materials and methods The cross-sectional study was conducted among 202 school children and were examined for dental fluorosis and dental caries. Results This study shows that male students have a decrease in DMFT (Decayed, missing, filled, teeth) index and increase in Dean's index when compared with females. Among students with 13 to 15 years of age, 13-year-old student has increase in DMFT score when compared with other age groups and 14-year-old students has increase in Dean's score when compared with other age group students. Conclusion The prevalence of dental caries decreased with the increase of fluorosis among the students examined. Clinical significance Patients with dental fluorosis show a decreased prevalence of dental caries. How to cite this article Anuradha BR, Sri Laxmi G, Sudhakar P, Malik VN, Reddy KA, Reddy SN, Prasanna AL. Prevalence of Dental Caries among 13 and 15-Year-Old School Children in an Endemic Fluorosis Area: A Cross-sectional Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2011;12(6):447-450.

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Nitrate in Groundwater and Health Risk Assessment: A Cross-Sectional Study in Three Villages in Tanah Merah District, Kelantan, Malaysia During Paddy Pre-Planting Season

Childhood Stunting, Wasting, and Obesity, as the Critical Global Health Issues: Forging Cross-Sectoral Solutions ◽

10.26911/the7thicph.01.27 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Muhammad Syafiq N ◽

◽

Shaharuddin MS ◽

Zaenal Abidin ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Health Risk ◽

Health Risk Assessment ◽

Hazard Quotient ◽

Primary Source ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Nitrate Level ◽

Cross Sectional

ABSTRACT Introduction: Contamination of nitrate is one of the most common groundwater problems worldwide. Around 70% of residents in the state of Kelantan still rely on groundwater as their primary source of water supply. Extensive usage of fertilizer in agricultural areas may cause nitrate leaching into the groundwater. This study aimed to determine the level of nitrate in groundwater and health risk assessment at three villages in Tanah Merah District, Kelantan, Malaysia. Subjects and Method: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at Tanah Merah district, Kelantan, in January 2020. A total of 52 residents was selected by purposive sampling. The inclusion criteria for study subjects were long life residents, age ≥18 years old, and groundwater as a primary source of drinking supply. The study variables were (1) Level of nitrate in groundwater measured according to age (year), depth (meter), and distance (meter) of well from the agricultural area; and (2) Health risk assessment measured by hazard quotient (HQ). A set of questionnaires consisted of four sections to gather information related to socio-demographic, water usage, living environment, and health status. Groundwater samples were collected in duplicates and were analysed using a Hanna Instruments portable pH/ORP/ISE meter with an attached nitrate electrode. The data were reported descriptively. Results: Nitrate levels were found to be under the maximum acceptable value of 10 mg/L, as stated by the Drinking Water Quality Standard of Malaysia. Nitrate level ranged from 0.22 to 8.81 mg/L (Mean= 2.94; SD= 2.27). Spearman rho correlation showed that nitrate level was significantly and negatively correlated the age of wells (r= -0.31; p= 0.025). Nitrate level was not significantly correlated with the depth (r= 0.19; p= 0.183) and distance of wells (r= -0.05; p= 0.751). Hazard quotient (HQ) for all study subjects was <1, which means that exposure to nitrate contained drinking water in study subjects was not detrimental to health. Conclusion: Nitrate levels were below the maximum acceptable value, but continuous monitoring from health authorities is essential since other seasons of paddy planting may contribute higher deposition of nitrate into groundwater. Keywords: nitrate, groundwater, levels, hazard quotient, Tanah Merah Correspondence: Muhammad Syafiq N. Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia. UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: +601140731881. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.01.27

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