Vegetative growth control of apples (Malus × domestica Borkh.) is necessary to maintain a balance between growth and cropping. Pruning is a labour-intensive management practice to achieve this and intrinsically stimulates new growth. Prohexadione-calcium (PC) is a plant bio-regulator that effectively regulat es the shoot extension growth of apples and other tree fruits. Previous research has demonstrated that its efficacy can vary based on the use of spray surfactants and adjuvants. This study investigated the efficacy of two rates of Apogee™, the commercial form of PC, used in combination with the spray surfactants Sylgard 309 and LI 700, on extension shoot growth and yield parameters. Experiments were conducted in Ontario on Empire and Nova Scotia on Royal Court™ Cortland apples. Treatments of 0, 75 or 125 mg L-1 PC, with and without either 0.5% (vol/vol.) LI 700 surfactant or 0.05% (vol/vol) Sylgard 309 surfactant were applied to Empire trees, and 75 or 125 mg L-1 PC, with or without 0.5% (vol/vol) LI 700, were applied to Royal Court™ trees. An untreated control treatment was also included for comparison purposes. A total of two sprays were applied to the Empire trees and a total of three sprays were applied to the Royal Court™ trees. PC significantly decreased the vegetative growth of Empire and Royal Court™ trees by approximately 18 to 44%, respectively, and the efficacy of PC was enhanced when combined with either Sylgard 309 or LI 700 surfactant. No additional benefit in vegetative growth control was gained when using Apogee™ at rates of 125 mg L-1 PC, relative to 75 mg L-1 PC. The rate of Apogee™ did not influence the number of fruit or yield per tree or mean fruit size of either cultivar. For Empire, LI 700 and Sylgard 309 significantly reduced the number of fruit per tree, resulting in lower yields and crop densities. In addition, higher mean fruit weights, and a greater distribution of fruit in the larger size categories were observed for LI 700. Fruit from Royal Court trees treated with the highest rate of Apogee™ had higher crop densities, poorer coloured fruit, and a higher percentage of fruit less than 60 mm in diameter. These data provide support for the use of alternative surfactants with Apogee™ other than those listed on the US and Canadian product labels. Key words: Apogee™, Empire, Cortland, Regalis, calcium 3-oxido-5-oxo-4-propionylcyclohex-3-enecarboxylate, surfactant
Growth and Yield Analysis of Rice Plants Infested with Long-Distance Migratory Rice Planthoppers. I. Effects of Period and Intensity of the White-Backed Planthopper, Sogatella furcifera Horvath(Homoptera: Delphacidae), Infestation on Vegetative Growth and Yield.
