Attachment of Bacteria to Meat Surfaces: A Review

1981 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 602-607 ◽  
Author(s):  
RUTH FIRSTENBERG-EDEN
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Bacterial Strain ◽  
Water Film ◽  
Bacterial Attachment ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Strain Type ◽  
Physical Forces ◽  
Increased Strength ◽  
Number Of Bacteria

The mechanism of attachment of bacteria to meat surfaces involves two consecutive stages. During the primary stage, bacterial attachment is probably due to physical forces, and the number of bacteria becoming attached is proportional to the number in the water film over the surface. The second stage is initially characterized by an increased strength of attachment due to polysaccharide formation, which is a time-dependent process. The dependence of attachment on various factors such as bacterial strain, type of meat surface, temperature, culturing method, etc. is discussed. Some potential consequences of attachment on slaughter hygiene, kitchen hygiene and methodology are described.

The Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ni-Based Superalloy after Service Exposure in Gas Turbine

2010 ◽  
Vol 654-656 ◽  
pp. 2523-2526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keun Bong Yoo ◽  
Han Sang Lee
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Degradation Analysis ◽  
Check Points ◽  
Tcp Phase ◽  
Service Exposure ◽  
High Temperature Tensile

Many investigations about superalloys and coatings have been done in the laboratory, but evaluating the degradation condition of hot section components during service is still important not only for repair and reuse but also for outage prevention. Time dependent degradation for second stage blades of gas turbine was investigated. The degradation analysis for used blades was divided into microstructure changes by position of the blade and mechanical tests of high temperature tensile test. In the microstructure analysis, the rafting and coarsening of γ', MC decomposition and TCP phase formation occurred and progressed with increasing service time, and especially the leading and trailing edge of top layer should be a check points for used blade. High temperature tensile results of 25,000 and 52,000 hrs used blades were also compared with serviced time and position in each blade.

scholarly journals Heat Transfer Boundary Conditions in the RELAP5-3D Code

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Riemke ◽  
Cliff B. Davis ◽  
Richard R. Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Control Variable ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Fluid Temperature ◽  
Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Heat Transfer Coefficients ◽  
General Table

The heat transfer boundary conditions used in the RELAP5-3D computer program have evolved over the years. Currently, RELAP5-3D has the following options for the heat transfer boundary conditions: (a) heat transfer correlation package option, (b) non-convective option (from radiation/conduction enclosure model or symmetry/insulated conditions), and (c) other options (setting the surface temperature to a volume fraction averaged fluid temperature of the boundary volume, obtaining the surface temperature from a control variable, obtaining the surface temperature from a time-dependent general table, obtaining the heat flux from a time-dependent general table, or obtaining heat transfer coefficients from either a time- or temperature-dependent general table). These options will be discussed, including the more recent ones.

Island in the Stream: Oceanography and Fisheries of the Charleston Bump

2001 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Gulf Stream ◽  
Fast Moving ◽  
Bottom Topography ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
New Method ◽  
Sea Surface Temperatures ◽  
Charleston Bump

<em>Abstract.</em>—The animation of daily composites of sea surface temperatures (SST) from a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) provides a new method for the detection of dynamics at the surface of the ocean. By rapidly viewing the daily SST composites of hourly images, it is possible for the human eye to separate the fast moving residual clouds from the slowly moving SST patterns associated with ocean currents, eddies, and upwelling. Although each individual daily composite is still partly cloud covered, the rapid display provides the appearance of continuity of the SST patterns. The GOES SST animations were used during 1998 and 1999 to monitor the time dependent deflection of the Gulf Stream due to a rise in bottom topography southeast of Charleston, South Carolina, locally known as the Charleston Bump. Examples of the sea surface temperature animations of the Gulf Stream appear at the website: http:// www. goes .noaa.gov

Time-Dependent Deposition Characteristics of Fine Coal Flyash in a Laboratory Gas Turbine Environment

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Laycock ◽  
Thomas H. Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Coal Fly Ash ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Brigham Young University ◽  
Fine Coal ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Nickel Base

Time-dependent deposition characteristics of fine coal flyash were measured in the Turbine Accelerated Deposition Facility (TADF) at Brigham Young University. Two samples of subbituminous coal fly ash, with mass mean diameters of 3 and 13 μm, were entrained in a hot gas flow with a gas temperature of 1250°C and Mach number of 0.25. A nickel base super alloy metal coupon approximately 0.3 cm thick was held in a hot particle-laden gas stream to simulate deposition in a gas turbine. Tests were conducted with deposition times of 20, 40, and 60 minutes. Capture efficiencies and surface roughness characteristics (e.g., Ra) were obtained at different times. Capture efficiency increased exponentially with time while Ra increased linearly with time. The increased deposition with time caused the surface temperature of the deposit to increase. The increased surface temperature caused more softening, increasing the propensity for impacting particles to stick to the surface. These data are important for improving models of deposition in turbines from syngas flows.

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