Synergistic Effects of Combining Biocontrol Agents with Silicon against Postharvest Diseases of Jujube Fruit

2005 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 544-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHIPING TIAN ◽  
GUOZHENG QIN ◽  
YONG XU
Keyword(s):  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Rhodotorula Glutinis ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Cryptococcus Laurentii ◽  
Postharvest Diseases ◽  
Jujube Fruit ◽  
Zizyphus Jujuba ◽  
Fungistatic Effect ◽  
Chinese Date

The synergistic effects of biocontrol yeasts Cryptococcus laurentii and Rhodotorula glutinis combined with silicon (Si) against Alternaria alternata and Penicillium expansum molds were investigated in jujube fruit (Chinese date, Zizyphus jujuba) stored at 20 and 0°C, respectively. Combinations of C. laurentii and R. glutinis at 5 × 107 cells/ml with 2% Si was most effective in controlling the diseases caused by A. alternata and P. expansum on jujube fruit stored at 20°C. When fruits were stored at 0°C, combining C. laurentii and R. glutinis with Si was as effective against P. expansum as was Si or the yeasts applied alone and was more effective in controlling A. alternata. Si may have a fungistatic effect by directly inhibiting pathogen growth, but it did not greatly influence the growth of the antagonists.

Integration of Biocontrol Agents and Food-Grade Additives for Enhancing Protection of Stored Apples from Penicillium expansum

2005 ◽  
Vol 68 (10) ◽  
pp. 2100-2106 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. LIMA ◽  
A. M. SPINA ◽  
R. CASTORIA ◽  
F. DE CURTIS ◽  
V. DE CICCO
Keyword(s):  
Aureobasidium Pullulans ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Rhodotorula Glutinis ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Biocontrol Agents ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Cryptococcus Laurentii ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Food Grade ◽  
Yeast Concentration

Forty-nine compounds currently used as additives in foods were tested in combination with three biocontrol agents, the yeasts Rhodotorula glutinis, Cryptococcus laurentii, and the yeastlike fungus Aureobasidium pullulans, to increase their antagonistic activity against Penicillium expansum, the causal agent of blue mold on apples. Twelve additives dramatically improved the antagonistic activity of one or more of the tested biocontrol agents. In a two-way factorial experiment with these selected additives the percentage of P. expansum rots on apples was significantly influenced by the antagonist and the additive as well as by their interaction. The combination of the biocontrol agents and some additives resulted in a significantly higher activity with respect to the single treatments applied separately, producing additive or synergistic effects. Some of the selected additives combined with a low yeast concentration (106 cells per ml) had comparable or higher efficacy than the biocontrol agents applied alone at a 100-fold higher concentration (108 cells per ml). Some organic and inorganic calcium salts, natural gums, and some antioxidants displayed the best results. In general, the effect of each additive was specific to the biocontrol isolate used in the experiments. Possible mechanisms involved in the activity of these beneficial additives and their potential application in effective formulations of postharvest biofungicides are discussed.

scholarly journals Control of Postharvest Decay in Pear by Four Laboratory-Grown Yeasts and Two Registered Biocontrol Products

Plant Disease ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Sugar ◽  
Robert A. Spotts
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Rhodotorula Glutinis ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
First Year ◽  
Cryptococcus Laurentii ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Lesion Diameter ◽  
Candida Oleophila ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Second Year

Control of blue mold decay in Bosc pears was studied with the laboratory-grown yeasts Rhodotorula glutinis, Cryptococcus infirmo-miniatus, and two strains of Cryptococcus laurentii, as well as registered biocontrol products Aspire, containing the yeast Candida oleophila, and Bio-Save 11 (now Bio-Save 110), containing the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae. Both thiabendazole (TBZ)-sensitive and TBZ-resistant strains of Penicillium expansum were used. Aspire treatment reduced the average lesion diameter by approximately 65 and 45%, and reduced decay incidence by 27 and 9% with TBZ-resistant and TBZ-sensitive P. expansum, respectively, in the first year of the study, but did not result in significant decay control in the second year. Bio-Save 11 reduced decay lesion diameter by 32 to 72% and incidence by 21 to 40% over the 2 years. In both years, TBZ-sensitive P. expansum was completely controlled by the combination of either C. laurentii (both strains), R. glutinis, or C. infirmo-miniatus with 100 ppm TBZ. With TBZ-resistant P. expansum, control of wound infection with these yeasts alone or with 100 ppm TBZ ranged from 62.9 to 100%. In a packinghouse trial, control by Bio-Save 110 + 100 ppm TBZ and Aspire + 100 ppm TBZ was not different than control by TBZ at 569 ppm, the maximum label rate. The amount of decay following Aspire + 100 ppm TBZ treatment was significantly less than the amount of decay following Bio-Save 110 + 100 ppm TBZ treatment.

scholarly journals Biocontrol of Postharvest Diseases of Jujube Fruit by Cryptococcus laurentii Combined with a Low Dosage of Fungicides Under Different Storage Conditions

Plant Disease ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 88 (5) ◽  
pp. 497-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guo Zheng Qin ◽  
Shi Ping Tian
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Cryptococcus Laurentii ◽  
Postharvest Diseases ◽  
Control Product ◽  
Jujube Fruit ◽  
Biocontrol Activity ◽  
Antagonistic Yeast ◽  
Low Dosage

An antagonistic yeast, Cryptococcus laurentii, alone or in combination with a low dose of imazalil (25 μg a.i./ml) or kresoxim-methyl (50 μg a.i./ml), was investigated for its ability to control Alternaria alternata and Monilinia fructicola on jujube fruit under different storage conditions. Biocontrol activity of C. laurentii against A. alternata and M. fructicola at 20°C was enhanced significantly by combination with either fungicide. An integrated strategy for control of A. alternata and M. fructicola was developed that included a combination of C. laurentii, a low dose of fungicide, and controlled-atmosphere (CA) storage. Fruit treated with C. laurentii plus imazalil at 25 μg a.i./ml or kresoxim-methyl at 50 μg a.i./ml and stored in CA storage with 10% O2 + 0% CO2 at 0°C showed a lower disease incidence caused by both pathogens than fruit stored in air at 0°C. Application of imazalil (25 μg a.i./ml) or kresoxim-methyl (50 μg a.i./ml) did not inhibit the growth of C. laurentii in wounds of jujube fruit stored in air at 20 and 0°C or in CA at 0°C. The yeast grew rapidly in the wounds of jujube fruit under all storage conditions. The ability of C. laurentii to effectively control postharvest diseases of jujube fruit, the resistance of C. laurentii to low rates of fungicides, and the adaptability of this yeast to CA storage indicate that C. laurentii has great commercial potential as a biological control product.

Effects of Oligochitosan on Postharvest Alternaria Rot, Storage Quality, and Defense Responses in Chinese Jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill. cv. Dongzao) Fruit

2011 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 783-788 ◽  
Author(s):  
JIAQI YAN ◽  
JIAN LI ◽  
HONGWEI ZHAO ◽  
NI CHEN ◽  
JIANKANG CAO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Postharvest Diseases ◽  
Chinese Jujube ◽  
Jujube Fruit ◽  
Zizyphus Jujuba

Effects of oligochitosan (OCH) on postharvest rot caused by Alternaria alternata in Chinese jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill. cv. Dongzao) fruit were investigated. An in vitro test indicated that mycelial growth of A. alternata was strongly suppressed by OCH at 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, or 20 g/liter. The half-inhibition concentration of OCH against this fungus was 0.76 and 1.69 g/liter on days 4 and 6 of incubation, respectively. Lesion area and disease incidence in the jujube fruit inoculated with A. alternata were remarkably reduced by the OCH treatments at concentrations higher than 1 g/liter, but 5 g/liter OCH was considered the optimal treatment for inhibiting disease development. OCH also significantly reduced postharvest natural decay, promoted fruit firmness, delayed decline in soluble solids and loss of ascorbic acid, and increased total phenolic compounds during storage at 0°C and 85 to 95% relative humidity. Biochemical evaluations revealed that the activities of the main defense-related enzymes in the jujube fruit, including phenylalanine ammonia–lyase, peroxidase, chitinase, and β-1,3-glucanase, were significantly enhanced (P < 0.05) by OCH treatment. OCH increased superoxide dismutase activity but decreased catalase activity and, consequently, elevated hydrogen peroxide levels in the fruit. These results suggest that OCH might trigger several defense mechanisms in the jujube fruit for disease control in addition to its direct antifungal activity. OCH could be a viable alternative to conventional control of postharvest diseases of horticultural products.

scholarly journals Effect of the Biocontrol Yeast Rhodotorula glutinis Strain LS11 on Patulin Accumulation in Stored Apples

2005 ◽  
Vol 95 (11) ◽  
pp. 1271-1278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raffaello Castoria ◽  
Valeria Morena ◽  
Leonardo Caputo ◽  
Gianfranco Panfili ◽  
Filippo De Curtis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rhodotorula Glutinis ◽  
Biocontrol Agents ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Cryptococcus Laurentii ◽  
Fungicide Residues ◽  
Tlc Plates ◽  
Layer Chromatography

Contamination of apples (Malus domestica) and derived juices with fungicide residues and patulin produced by Penicillium expansum are major issues of food safety. Biocontrol agents represent an alternative or supplement to chemicals for disease control. Our data show that these microbes could also contribute to actively decreasing patulin accumulation in apples. Three biocontrol agents, Rhodotorula glutinis LS11, Cryptococcus laurentii LS28, and Aureobasidium pullulans LS30, were examined for their in vitro growth in the presence of patulin and for their capability to decrease mycotoxin recovery from the medium. Strain LS11 yielded the highest growth rates and the greatest decrease of toxin recoveries. Further, it caused the appearance of two major spots on thin-layer chromatography (TLC) plates, suggesting possible metabolization of the mycotoxin. In vivo, i.e., in the low percentage of LS11-pretreated apples infected by P. expansum, patulin accumulation was significantly lower than in nontreated infected fruits. Yeast cells survived and increased in infected apples and, in a model system emulating decaying apple, resulted in accelerated breakdown of patulin and the production of the same TLC spots as those detected in vitro. These data suggest that biocontrol yeast cells surviving in decaying apples could metabolize patulin and/or negatively affect its accumulation or synthesis. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the effect of a biocontrol agent on patulin accumulation in vivo.

scholarly journals Resistance of Postharvest Biocontrol Yeasts to Oxidative Stress: A Possible New Mechanism of Action

2003 ◽  
Vol 93 (5) ◽  
pp. 564-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raffaello Castoria ◽  
Leonardo Caputo ◽  
Filippo De Curtis ◽  
Vincenzo De Cicco
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Superoxide Anion ◽  
Rhodotorula Glutinis ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Model System ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Cryptococcus Laurentii ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Combined Application

We detected the generation of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) superoxide anion ( O·- 2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in apple wounds 2 immediately after wounding, and assessed the relationships between (i) timely colonization of apple wounds by biocontrol yeasts, (ii) resistance of these microorganisms to oxidative stress caused by ROS, and (iii) their antagonism against postharvest wound pathogens. We analyzed a model system consisting of two yeasts with higher (Cryptococcus laurentii LS-28) or lower (Rhodotorula glutinis LS-11) antagonistic activity against the postharvest pathogens Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum. LS-28 exhibited faster and greater colonization of wounds than LS-11. In contrast to LS-28, the number of LS-11 cells dropped 1 and 2 h after application, and then increased only later. In vitro, LS-28 was more resistant to ROS-generated oxidative stress. The combined application of biocontrol yeasts and ROS-deactivating enzymes in apple wounds prevented the decrease in number of LS-11 cells mentioned above, and enhanced colonization and antagonistic activity of both biocontrol yeasts against B. cinerea and P. expansum. Polar lipids of LS-11 contained the more unsaturated and oxidizable α-linolenic acid, which was absent in LS-28. Resistance to oxidative stress could be a key mechanism of biocontrol yeasts antagonism against postharvest wound pathogens.

scholarly journals Enhancement of Biocontrol Activity of Cryptococcus laurentii by Silicon and the Possible Mechanisms Involved

2005 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guo Z. Qin ◽  
Shi P. Tian
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Sodium Metasilicate ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Cryptococcus Laurentii ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Fruit Decay ◽  
Antagonistic Yeast

Exogenous application of silicon (Si) in the form of sodium metasilicate reduced disease development caused by Penicillium expansum and Monilinia fructicola in sweet cherry fruit at 20°C. The inhibition of fruit decay was correlated closely with Si concentrations. Silicon at concentrations of 1%, in combination with the biocontrol agent Cryptococcus laurentii at 1 × 107 cells per ml, provided synergistic effects against both diseases. Population dynamics of C. laurentii were stimulated by Si 48 h after the yeast treatment in the wounds of sweet cherry fruit. Silicon strongly inhibited spore germination and germ tube elongation of P. expansum and M. fructicola in vitro. Based on results with scanning electron microscopy, growth of both pathogens was significantly inhibited by Si in the wounds of sweet cherry fruit. Compared with the wounded water control, Si treatment induced a significant increase in the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, polyphenoloxidase, and peroxidase in sweet cherry fruit but did not increase the levels of lignin. Application of Si activated a cytochemical reaction and caused tissue browning near the site of wounding. Based on our studies, the improvement in biocontrol efficacy of antagonistic yeast when combined with Si may be associated with the increased population density of antagonistic yeast by Si, the direct fungitoxicity property of Si to the pathogens, and the elicitation of biochemical defense responses in fruit.

scholarly journals Fruit Surface Colonization and Biological Control of Postharvest Diseases of Pear by Preharvest Yeast Applications

Plant Disease ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (9) ◽  
pp. 839-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse M. Benbow ◽  
David Sugar
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Rhodotorula Glutinis ◽  
Initial Population ◽  
Cryptococcus Laurentii ◽  
Postharvest Diseases ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Candida Oleophila ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
Fruit Surface ◽  
Total Yeast

The yeasts Cryptococcus infirmo-miniatus, Cryptococcus laurentii, and Rhodotorula glutinis, applied to Bosc and d'Anjou pear fruit in the field 3 weeks prior to harvest, maintained high population levels through harvest, while populations of Candida oleophila declined after 1 and 2 weeks, and by harvest were not significantly different from total yeast populations on untreated fruit. Yeasts were sprayed individually on fruit at concentrations of 1 to 3 × 108 CFU/ml, with approximately 2 ml applied per fruit. Initial population sizes for all four species averaged 5 × 106 CFU per fruit. C. infirmo-miniatus provided the most consistent decay control in fruit treated 3 weeks before harvest. C. infirmo-miniatus and R. glutinis also provided significant postharvest decay control in Bosc fruit treated 1 day before harvest.

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