The general arrangement drawing

2012 ◽  
pp. 41-66
Keyword(s):  
General Arrangement

Intraspecific variability of morphological characters in the species-rich deep-sea genus Acantholaimus Allgén, 1933 (Nematoda: Chromadoridae)

Nematology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmitry M. Miljutin ◽  
Maria A. Miljutina
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Intraspecific Variability ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Species Discrimination ◽  
Species Differentiation ◽  
Lateral Field ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Units ◽  
General Arrangement ◽  
Taxonomic Approach

Acantholaimusis a species-rich genus of deep-sea nematodes, often with dozens of species found at the same locality but each represented by single or few individuals. Species discrimination by morphological characters in this genus is therefore often difficult due to transitional forms that may be referred to several species because of lack of data on intraspecific variability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the intraspecific variability of morphological characters that are most often used inAcantholaimustaxonomy, in order to distinguish those which are most informative for species differentiation. A reverse taxonomic approach was applied for initial species discrimination. Two loci, one each from small and large subunits of rRNA, were sequenced for 59Acantholaimusspecimens from two deep-sea locations. Twenty-seven Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTU) were identified, of which 12 were represented by more than one individual. These were then analysed for intraspecific variability in morphological characters. Some of the examined characters showed high intraspecific variability; specifically: length of cephalic setae; distance from anterior end to amphid; shape of anterior setae; position and arrangement of cervical setae. In the absence of genetic data, these characters should be used with caution for differential diagnoses or species discrimination. Other characters were more conservative within the same MOTU: body proportions; length of outer labial setae; amphidial diam.; appearance of lateral field; general arrangement of cervical setae; and shape of tail. These characters may be successfully used for species discrimination in the absence of molecular data.

Use of the designer's experience in systems of computer-aided design and artificial intelligence

2021 ◽  
pp. 89-95
Author(s):  
А.И. Гайкович ◽  
С.И. Лукин ◽  
О.Я. Тимофеев
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Fuzzy Sets ◽  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Design Tool ◽  
Design System ◽  
Design Problems ◽  
General Arrangement ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Aided Design

Процесс создания проекта судна или корабля рассматривается как преобразование информации, содержащейся в техническом задании на проектирование, нормативных документах и знаниях проектанта, в информацию, объем которой позволяет реализовать проект. Проектирование может быть представлено как поиск решения в пространстве задач. Построение цепочки последовательно решаемых задач составляет методику проектирования. Проектные задачи могут быть разбиты на две группы. Первая группа ‒ это полностью формализуемые задачи, для решения которых есть известные алгоритмы. Например, построение теоретического чертежа по известным главным размерениям и коэффициентам формы. Ко второй группе задач можно отнести трудно формализуемые или неформализуемые задачи. Например, к задачам этого типа можно отнести разработку общего расположения корабля. Важнейшим инструментом проектирования современного корабля или судна является система ав­томатизированного проектирования (САПР). Решение САПР задач первой группы не представляет проблемы. Введение в состав САПР задач второй группы подразумевает разработку специального ма­тематического аппарата, базой для которого, которым является искусственный интеллект, использующий теорию нечетких множеств. Однако, настройка искусственных нейронных сетей, создание шкал для функций принадлежности элементов нечетких множеств и функций предпочтений лица принимающего решения, требует участие человека. Таким образом, указанные элементы искусственного интеллекта фиксируют качества проек­танта как специалиста и создают его виртуальный портрет. The process of design a project of a ship is considered as the transformation of information contained in the design specification, regulatory documents and the designer's knowledge into information, the volume of which allows the project to be implemented. Designing can be represented as a search for a solution in the space of problems. The construction of a chain of sequentially solved tasks constitutes the design methodology. Design problems can be divided into two groups. The first group is completely formalizable tasks, for the solution of which there are known algorithms. For example, the construction of ship's surface by known main dimensions and shape coefficients. Tasks of the second group may in­clude those which are difficult to formalize or non-formalizable. For example, tasks of this type can include develop­ment of general arrangement of a ship. The most important design tool of a modern ship or vessel is a computer-aided design system (CAD). The solu­tion of CAD problems of the first group is not a problem. Introduction of tasks of the second group into CAD implies development of a special mathematical apparatus, the basis for which is artificial intelligence, which uses the theory of fuzzy sets. However, the adjustment of artificial neural networks, the creation of scales for membership functions of fuzzy sets elements and functions of preferences of decision maker, requires human participation. Thus, the above elements of artificial intelligence fix the qualities of the designer as a specialist and create his virtual portrait.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF PIPE-LAY VESSELS AND HEAVY-LIFT CRANE VESSELS

2021 ◽  
Vol 161 (A2) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Dickin
Keyword(s):  
Critical Systems ◽  
Station Keeping ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Structural Assessment ◽  
Safety Critical ◽  
Safety Assurance ◽  
General Arrangement ◽  
Heavy Lift ◽  
Safety Critical Systems

Pipe-lay vessels, heavy-lift crane vessels and dual purpose heavy-lift and pipe-lay vessels are distinct in many ways from other types of ships or offshore units. The unique functions that these vessels carry out can impact directly on the overall safety of the vessel, the personnel on-board and the potential to pollute the environment. This paper outlines some of the hull and machinery safety assurance considerations for classification and design pertinent to pipe-lay and heavy-lift operations. The considerations that are discussed in this paper include the implications of classing the vessel as a ship or an offshore unit; the interaction between classification and marine warranty; general arrangement; station-keeping; structural assessment and the interaction between safety critical systems. Specific hazards for pipe-lay vessels and their use of chemicals on-board are also discussed.

First record of the scorpion genus Chactopsis Kraepelin in Colombia, with the description of Chactopsis carolinae sp. nov. (Scorpiones: Chactidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 1743 (1) ◽  
pp. 34 ◽  
Author(s):  
RICARDO BOTERO-TRUJILLO
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
First Record ◽  
General Arrangement

Chactopsis carolinae sp. nov. is described on the basis of specimens of both sexes from Selva de Matavén, eastern Colombia. This species seems to be most closely related to Chactopsis anduzei González-Sponga from Venezuela and Brazil, based on the trichobothrial number and general arrangement. The new species, which is the first of the genus to be known from Colombia, raises to ten the number of known species of Chactopsis.

scholarly journals Public Interest Opposite the Freedom of Contractual Will in Administrative Contracts in the Republic of Albania

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (s2) ◽  
pp. 37-48
Author(s):  
Artan Spahiu
Keyword(s):  
Public Interest ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The State ◽  
Private Law ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Administrative Contract ◽  
The Public ◽  
General Arrangement ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
The Republic

Abstract The protection of the public interest is the main principle governing the activity regulation of the administrative bodies. This activity, traditionally, has been developed through administrative acts, as an expression of the unilateral and authoritarian willpower of public authority, which creates legal consequences. The administrative act has been and remains the most important instrument for the administration bodies to accomplish their mission, but it is no longer effective. Particularly this lack of efficiency is noticed in recent years when the development of the economy and the needs of the evergrowing society have prompted the administration to adapt its activity by making use of other mechanisms “borrowed” from private law. An important part of public activity can also be achieved through the contract as a way that brings the state closer to the private, mitigating its dominant position and leaving space for the efficiency of private activity to fulfil public engagements. Such contracts today are known as “administrative contracts” or “public contracts”. The terms mentioned above are instruments that establish legal relations, for the regulation of which the principle of public interest is opposed and competes with the principle of freedom of the contractual willpower. The regulation of these types of contracts is reached through the private law, which constitutes the general normative framework of contracts (lex generalis) even for the administrative contracts. But this general arrangement will have effect for as long as it does not contradict the imperative provisions of the specific act of public law (lex specialis), which regulates the administrative procedure for the completion of these contracts. This paper aims to bring to the spotlight the way our legislation predict and regulates administrative contracts, by emphasising particularly the features of their dualistic nature. The coexistence and competition of the principles of the freedom of contractual willpower and the protection of the public interest, evidenced in administrative contracts, is presented in this paper through the legal analysis of the Albanian legal framework which regulates these contracts. Under the terms when the role of the state in providing public services tends to increase and our legislation aims the harmonization in accord with the European legislation, it is necessary to improve the administrative contract regulation and extend its scope of action.

scholarly journals IV. Impact with a liquid surface studied by the aid of instantaneous photography. Paper II

1900 ◽  
Vol 194 (252-261) ◽  
pp. 175-199 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Surface ◽  
Thin Glass ◽  
Water Line ◽  
Glass Vessel ◽  
Camera Lens ◽  
General Arrangement ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Rough Sphere ◽  
Smooth Sphere

In a previous paper (‘Philosophical Transactions,’ A, 1897, vol. 189, p. 137) we have drawn attention to the fact that the disturbance set up in a liquid by the impact of a rough sphere falling into it, differs in a very remarkable manner from that which follows the entry of a smooth sphere. In the present paper we describe further experiments, made with the object of ascertaining the reason of this difference, and give the conclusions reached. It appeared desirable, in the first place, to take instantaneous photographs of the disturbed liquid below the water-line. These were easily obtained by letting the splash take place in an approximately parallel-sided thin glass vessel (an inverted clock-shade) illuminated from behind. The liquid surface when undisturbed was about level with the middle of the camera-lens, which was focussed for the sphere when under water. The general arrangement of the optical apparatus will be suffi­ciently understood from the accompanying cut (fig. 1). The method of timing the illumination was that already described ( loc. cit. ).

Galatea II: Reborn of a Classic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Castro Ruiz ◽  
Rodrigo Perez Fernandez
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Military Training ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
General Arrangement ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Merchant Ship ◽  
Operational Life ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Naval Officers

The history of the Galatea dates back to the 19th century when in 1896 she was launched and Christianised as Glenlee at Glasgow. She sailed as a merchant ship in the United Kingdom and Italy during the first period of her operational life, and was later adapted with mechanical propulsion. After several circumnavigations, in 1922 she was renamed Galatea to serve in the Spanish Navy, where she remained in service for 60 years. Since 1993 she has been resting in her hometown in Scotland as a museum ship. As a tribute to the extensive and remarkable history of this ship, and in order to recover and preserve the naval tradition in Spain, it has been proposed to design a ship with the same morphology as the Glenlee to stoke the spirit of the Galatea and inspire the construction of new sailing ships. She will be adapted as a military training ship of the Spanish Navy. Therefore, studies in stability, propulsion, general arrangement and structural calculations will be necessary to validate the transformation of the Glenlee into a new Galatea II complying with mandatory regulations and technological advances that will encourage its operation to the future naval officers of the Spanish Navy.

A Concept of the Triple-Hull Frigate

2000 ◽  
Vol 37 (03) ◽  
pp. 141-145
Author(s):  
Victor A. Dubrovskiy
Keyword(s):  
Hydrodynamic Interaction ◽  
Bending Moment ◽  
Resistance Coefficient ◽  
Residual Resistance ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
General Arrangement ◽  
Hull Structure ◽  
Longitudinal Bending ◽  
Transverse Stability ◽  
Wetted Area

Ships with outriggers, such as multihull vessels, are defined and their advantages and disadvantages described. The general feasibility of a hull with a small waterplane area is considered as a method for development of an outriggered frigate design. The main dimensions, general arrangement, and hull structure of this design are offered along with calculations of initial transverse stability, longitudinal bending moment in waves, wetted area, residual resistance coefficient of the single hull, as well as the hydrodynamic interaction of the main hull with the outriggers.

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