“A ‘Cage’ of Ovulating Females”: The History of the Early Oral Contraceptive Pill Clinical Trials, 1950—1959

2003 ◽  
pp. 227-251
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Oral Contraceptive Pill ◽  
Contraceptive Pill ◽  
History Of

Chest pain

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugo Farne ◽  
Edward Norris-Cervetto ◽  
James Warbrick-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Acute Coronary Syndrome ◽  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Chest Pain ◽  
Aortic Dissection ◽  
Older People ◽  
Oral Contraceptive Pill ◽  
Contraceptive Pill ◽  
Coronary Syndrome ◽  
Combined Oral Contraceptive ◽  
History Of

A good way to come up with a list of causes is to visualize the anatomy of the affected area and think of what could go wrong. Thus, in chest pain, there may be pathology of the heart, aorta, lungs, pulmonary vessels, oesophagus, stomach, thoracic nerves, thoracic muscles, or ribs. The main causes of acute chest pain in an individual aged over 60 include are listed in Figure 9.1. A younger patient is less likely to be suffering from diseases of old age, such as: • Acute coronary syndrome • Stable angina • Myopericarditis (usually post-infarction) • Thoracic aortic dissection • Thoracic aortic aneurysm A younger female patient on the combined oral contraceptive pill is more likely to be suffering from: • PE (the combined oral contraceptive pill is thrombogenic) • Pneumothorax (especially if tall and thin) • Cocaine-induced coronary spasm (still rare, but particularly unusual in older people). The following diagnoses require immediate management and should be kept in mind: • Acute coronary syndrome (unstable angina, or myocardial infarction (MI)) • Aortic dissection • Pneumothorax • PE • Boerhaave’s perforation The key features of each are listed below. 1 Features of acute coronary syndrome ■ History of sudden-onset, central, crushing chest pain radiating to either/both arms, neck or jaw, usually lasting a few minutes to half an hour (longer if there is ongoing infarction). Have a higher index of suspicion in those with a previous history of angina on exertion or MI and/or cardiovascular risk factors (smoking, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, diabetes mellitus, family history). ■ Signs of hypercholesterolaemia: cholesterol deposits in small skin lumps on the back of the hand or bony prominences like elbows (xanthomata), in creamy spots around the eyelids (xanthelasma), or a creamy ring around the cornea (arcus). Note that arcus is a normal finding in older people. ■ Signs of peripheral (atherosclerotic) vascular disease: weak pulses, peripheral cyanosis, cool peripheries, atrophic skin, ulcers, bruits on auscultation of carotids. ■ Signs of brady- or tachyarrhythmia. An arrhythmia is relevant for two reasons.

Association of use of oral contraceptive pill (OCP) with expression pattern of different molecular subtypes of breast cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitthal Khode ◽  
Sumangala Patil ◽  
Praveenkumar Shetty ◽  
U S Dinesh ◽  
Komal Ruikar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Molecular Subtypes ◽  
Breast Cancer Subtype ◽  
Oral Contraceptive Pill ◽  
Her2 Status ◽  
Contraceptive Pill ◽  
Luminal B ◽  
History Of ◽  
Time Of Admission

Background: Triple negative breast carcinoma (TNBC) is a breast cancer subtype associated with high mortality and inadequate therapeutic options when compared to non TNBC. Clinical data indirectly suggests where Oral Contraceptive Pill (OCP) usage is high, prevalence of Estrogen Receptor+ (ER+) breast cancer is high and prevalence of TNBC is low. This has lead to our hypothesis that OCP use may increase risk of ER+ breast cancer and OCP use may reduce the risk of TNBC. We aimed at to comparing the prevalence and association of subtypes of breast cancer in OCP users with that of non-users among woman 30 to 60 years of age. Methods: This hospital based observational study of three year duration included 155 subjects of primary invasive breast cancer who got admitted in our institution. The data was obtained for ER, PR, HER2 status, clinical classification and data in relation to demographic factors, reproductive history, and history of OCP use. 155 subjects were divided into two groups. Group-1 included 48 patients with history of OCP use and group-2 included 107 patients who have not used OCP. Data was analysed using SPSS-20. Results: A significant increase in prevalence of molecular subtypes ER+, Progesterone Receptor+ (PR+) and Luminal B breast cancer in OCP users was observed compared to non-users. There was significant decrease in the age at the time of admission in ER+ cancer in OCP users (45.3 years) compared to non-users (52.2years). While age at the time of admission of Basal (TNBC) cancer patients in OCP users (53.1 years) was higher when compared to non-users (45.4years). Upon logistic regression the likelihood of ER+, PR+ and Luminal B in OCP users was 11%,10% and 13% less respectively with 1 year of higher age and the likelihood of TNBC in OCP users was 18% more and 8% less in non-users. Conclusion: OCP use may be associated with increased prevalence of ER+, PR+ and Luminal B breast cancer. On the contrary OCP use is may be associated with delay in the progression of the TNBC.

scholarly journals The moderating role of underlying predictors of survival in patients with brain stroke: a statistical modeling

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasrin Someeh ◽  
Seyed Morteza Shamshirgaran ◽  
Farshid Farzipoor ◽  
Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Cerebrovascular Accident ◽  
Oral Contraceptive Pill ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Contraceptive Pill ◽  
History Of ◽  
Brain Stroke ◽  
Age Category

Abstract Determining subclinical Brain stroke (BS) risk factors may allow for early and more operative BS prevention measures to find the main risk factors and moderating effects of survival in patients with BS. In this prospective study, a total of 332 patients were recruited from 2004 up to 2018. Cox's proportional hazard regressions were used to analyze the predictors of survival and the moderating effect by introducing the interaction effects. The survival probability 1-, 5- and 10-year death rates were 0.254, 0.053, and 0. 023, respectively. The most important risk factors for predicting BS were age category, sex, history of blood pressure, history of diabetes, history of hyperlipoproteinemia, oral contraceptive pill, hemorrhagic cerebrovascular accident. Interestingly, the age category and education level, smoking and using oral contraceptive pill moderates the relationship between the history of cerebrovascular accident, history of heart disease, and history of blood pressure with the hazard of BS, respectively. Instead of considerable advances in the treatment of the patient with BS, effective BS prevention remains the best means for dropping the BS load regarding the related factors found in this study.

scholarly journals Early History of Oral Contraceptive Pill in Finland: The Diffusion of the New Contraceptive and Fertility Patterns

2011 ◽  
pp. 49-70
Author(s):  
Aura Pasila
Keyword(s):  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Fertility Decline ◽  
Oral Contraceptive Pill ◽  
Early History ◽  
Causal Connection ◽  
Sufficient Data ◽  
Contraceptive Pill ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S

The 1960s is often characterized as a decade of outstanding social and demographic changes in Western societies. The introduction of the contraceptive pill is assumed to have contributed to these changes. Yet the social as well as the demographic significance of the pill is ambiguous. This article has two aims: 1) to describe the early history of the pill in Finland in the 1960s and in the early 1970s and 2) to explore relationships between fertility and the pill. Surveys, pharmaceutical market data, and estimations are used to depict the diffusion of the pill. Based on calculated user percentages, the pill was adopted neither instantly nor extremely widely in Finland during the period under study. The results show that the diffusion coincided with fertility decline and other changes in fertility patterns. However, a causal connection of any kind cannot be established due to a lack of sufficient data.

Improved Functioning in a Woman with Schizophrenia on Exclusive Therapy with Oestrogen Pills

2002 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mosunmola Tunde-Ayinmode ◽  
Ashok Singh ◽  
Karen Marsden
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Social Functioning ◽  
Antipsychotic Medication ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Paranoid Schizophrenia ◽  
Oral Contraceptive Pill ◽  
Oestrogen Therapy ◽  
Contraceptive Pill

Objective: To highlight the therapeutic potential of oestrogen in schizophrenia and raise awareness about the need for more clinical trials. Method: Case Report. Results: The case concerns a woman suffering from chronic paranoid schizophrenia, who complied poorly with antipsychotic medication and had severely impaired psychological and social functioning. Oestrogen therapy in the form of an oral contraceptive pill (brevinor- norethisterone/ ethinyloestradiol) was used with effect. Conclusions: Oestrogen therapy shows promise in select cases in the treatment of schizophrenia and warrants further study.

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