Strictly speaking, diarrhoea is an increase in the amount of stool passed daily to over 300 g of stool per day. This is usually accompanied by increased frequency and loosening of the stools. However, many patients will talk of ‘diarrhoea’ when they actually have melaena (dark, tarry stools from digested blood), steatorrhoea (pale, floating stools from undigested lipid), haematochezia (bright red stools from frank blood), or simply loose stools (soft faeces but no increase in frequency or quantity). Diarrhoea can be caused by: • Infection of the bowel (infectious diarrhoea) • Inflammation of the bowel (e.g. inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), diverticular disease) • Increased bowel motility (e.g. hyperthyroidism, anxiety, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)) • Malabsorption of nutrients (e.g. coeliac disease, pancreatic insufficiency) • Obstruction overflow due to a mass allowing only liquid stool to pass beyond it (e.g. constipation—counterintuitively, hard faeces stuck in the bowel are a common cause of overflow diarrhoea in elderly people, colon cancer, ovarian cancer) • Medications (e.g. laxatives, colchicine, digoxin, metformin, thiazide diuretics, some antibiotics, etc.) For a young adult with acute diarrhoea, the most likely diagnoses are shown in Figure 20.1. Yes, it would. In elderly patients, neoplastic disease (villous polyps, colonic adenocarcinoma, pancreatic cancer), diverticular disease, overflow diarrhoea secondary to constipation, ischaemic colitis, microscopic colitis, and bacterial overgrowth (e.g. in patients with diabetes mellitus) are much more likely, whereas coeliac disease is less likely to present for the first time (as it tends to present in younger patients). Curiously, ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease are thought to have a bimodal distribution in incidence, with peaks at 15–25 and 50–80 years. • Airway, breathing, and circulation (ABC): always, always, always start the management of a patient with ABC. Although the ABCs will be obviously normal in a large number of patients presenting in a non-emergency setting, you should always keep this in mind when admitting patients to hospital. Note that hypotension is a late and worrying sign in young patients. • Dehydration: in a patient with a 3-day history of diarrhoea, one should be concerned about the possibility of dehydration (hypovolaemia).