Hospitals and Public Health: Control, Exploitation and the Development of Medical Knowledge

2003 ◽  
pp. 77-94
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Health Control

Mental Health as Public Health in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuella Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Mental Health ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Mentally Ill ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
National Unity ◽  
Public Intervention ◽  
National Public Health

In Brazil, the national public health apparatus became one of the most agile and expansive regulatory mechanisms of control and care during the 19th and early 20th centuries. As Brazilian doctors and social thinkers made public health central to their ideas of modernizing the nation, they simultaneously sought to challenge the notion that Brazil’s sociocultural and racial-ethnic diversity was an insurmountable obstacle to modernization. They conceived of public health as something greater than the sum of its parts, seeing it is as the best prescription for national unity and fundamental to the project of nation-building, not only as a series of practices, outcomes, and beliefs. Proto-psychiatrists, recognizing the ideological momentum and bureaucratic strength of public health, seized upon it as a means and a rationale to ground their therapeutic ideas and treatments. Their characterization of the indigent mentally ill on city streets in Rio de Janeiro as a public health issue politicized both the mentally ill and mental illness as subjects of public intervention. Fashioning themselves as the leading experts in this effort, they garnered the support of state officials and other doctors to create a series of public institutions, organizations, and other measures to treat the mentally ill as unitary intersections of psychiatry and public health. While Brazilian psychiatrists during the late 19th and 20th centuries surely went into private practice, professional psychiatry in Rio as a field turned toward returning irrational minds to reason and “civilizing” the publicly unwell—dual and deeply complex goals of the profession. Public health offered them a preexisting muscular infrastructure through which to practice their medical knowledge and, in so doing, allowed them to expand and legitimize their professional reach. So, under the auspices of an enterprising psychiatric field, mental health largely became public health.

Health, Hygiene and Diets: Medical Missionaries and the Daily Life of Shanghai Residents (1870-1938)

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 121-140
Author(s):  
Jiayu GONG
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Housing Environment ◽  
Medical Missionaries ◽  
Health Concept ◽  
Foreign Land ◽  
The One ◽  
Health Theory

Throughout the nineteenth and twentieth century, China was the main area of western medical missions. Medical missionaries, one of the largest cross-cultural groups, left a wealth of records in a foreign land. In this article the author explored how the housing, environment, drink and diets habits of British medical missionaries in China spread the western medical knowledge, and how the medical missionaries constantly recognized, interpreted and improved the health concept toward Chinese in their daily life. The intercultural communication of medical knowledge between China and the West enriched the western public health theory on the one hand, and promoted the establishment of modern public health system in China on the other hand.

Anosmia

2019 ◽  
pp. 37-60
Author(s):  
Evan A. Kutzler
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Lived Experience ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
The Public

This chapter introduces the nose and the eyes as essential to the perception of healthy and unhealthy air, water, and whole landscapes. While sickness is a well-known theme of Civil War prisons, scholarly discussions of disease, hospitals, and medicine are often disembodied from individual lived-experience. This chapter therefore historicizes the public health of Civil War prisons by unpacking what terms like miasma and sanitation meant to prisoners and how antebellum medical knowledge about noses, eyes, and sickness shaped the experience and management of Civil War prisons.

scholarly journals Does a Different Household Registration Affect Migrants’ Access to Basic Public Health Services in China?

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (23) ◽  
pp. 4615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Health Knowledge ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Public Health Services ◽  
Household Registration ◽  
Career Training ◽  
Permanent Settlement ◽  
The Impact

On the basis of the China Migrants Dynamic Survey Data of 2015, the author provides an analysis of how a different household registration impacts migrants’ access to preventive care provided by public health services, such as health records and medical knowledge, in areas of immigration. This study shows that eliminating the distinction between agricultural and non-agricultural permanent residence registration could raise the rate of establishing health files, but it has no significant effect on migrants’ health knowledge. In fact, encouraging those with non-agricultural registration to move to different counties that belong to the same city or to different cities that belong to the same province can notably eliminate the impact of a different household registration status. Improving the income level of low-income migrants can have the same impact. Recommendations to enable migrants to obtain basic public health services include abolishing the separation of agricultural and non-agricultural household registration, increasing the permanent settlement rate of resident migrants, promoting basic medical security systems across the whole country, strengthening career training, and enhancing the education level of migrants.

scholarly journals Histoire de la santé publique et communautaire en Afrique. Le rôle des médecins de la mission suisse en Afrique du Sud

Gesnerus ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-158
Author(s):  
Hines Mabika
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Community Health ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
The Political ◽  
Medical Doctors ◽  
Health Practice ◽  
Political Struggle ◽  
Afrique Du Sud ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
History Of

It was not Dutch settlers nor British colonizers who introduced public and community health practice in north-eastern South Africa but medical doctors of the Swiss mission in southern Africa. While the history of medical knowledge transfer into 19th–20th century Africa emphasises colonial powers, this paper shows how countries without colonies contributed to expand western medical cultures, including public health. The Swiss took advantage of the local authorities’ negligence, and implemented their own model of medicalization of African societies, understood as the way of improving health standards. They moved from a tolerated hospital-centred medicine to the practice of community health, which was uncommon at the time. Elim hospital’s physicians moved back boundaries of segregationist policies, and sometime gave the impression of being involved in the political struggle against Apartheid. Thus, Swiss public health activities could later be seen as sorts of seeds that were planted and would partly reappear in 1994 with the ANC-projected national health policy.

scholarly journals Face with Mask Detection in Thermal Images Using Deep Neural Networks

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (19) ◽  
pp. 6387
Author(s):  
Natalia Głowacka ◽  
Jacek Rumiński
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Face Detection ◽  
Thermal Imaging ◽  
Deep Neural Networks ◽  
Average Precision ◽  
Thermal Images ◽  
Detection Algorithms ◽  
Health Control ◽  
The Face ◽  
The One

As the interest in facial detection grows, especially during a pandemic, solutions are sought that will be effective and bring more benefits. This is the case with the use of thermal imaging, which is resistant to environmental factors and makes it possible, for example, to determine the temperature based on the detected face, which brings new perspectives and opportunities to use such an approach for health control purposes. The goal of this work is to analyze the effectiveness of deep-learning-based face detection algorithms applied to thermal images, especially for faces covered by virus protective face masks. As part of this work, a set of thermal images was prepared containing over 7900 images of faces with and without masks. Selected raw data preprocessing methods were also investigated to analyze their influence on the face detection results. It was shown that the use of transfer learning based on features learned from visible light images results in mAP greater than 82% for half of the investigated models. The best model turned out to be the one based on Yolov3 model (mean average precision—mAP, was at least 99.3%, while the precision was at least 66.1%). Inference time of the models selected for evaluation on a small and cheap platform allows them to be used for many applications, especially in apps that promote public health.

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