Histoire de la santé publique et communautaire en Afrique. Le rôle des médecins de la mission suisse en Afrique du Sud

It was not Dutch settlers nor British colonizers who introduced public and community health practice in north-eastern South Africa but medical doctors of the Swiss mission in southern Africa. While the history of medical knowledge transfer into 19th–20th century Africa emphasises colonial powers, this paper shows how countries without colonies contributed to expand western medical cultures, including public health. The Swiss took advantage of the local authorities’ negligence, and implemented their own model of medicalization of African societies, understood as the way of improving health standards. They moved from a tolerated hospital-centred medicine to the practice of community health, which was uncommon at the time. Elim hospital’s physicians moved back boundaries of segregationist policies, and sometime gave the impression of being involved in the political struggle against Apartheid. Thus, Swiss public health activities could later be seen as sorts of seeds that were planted and would partly reappear in 1994 with the ANC-projected national health policy.

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Managing Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka through Constitutional Arrangements

NUST Journal of International Peace and Stability ◽

10.37540/njips.v4i2.92 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-15

Author(s):

Ilam Khan

Keyword(s):

Civil War ◽

Sri Lanka ◽

Ethnic Group ◽

Ethnic Conflict ◽

Self Determination ◽

The Political ◽

Political Struggle ◽

Religious Groups ◽

Political Liberalization ◽

History Of

Marginalization causes conflicts; they may be political, social, or economic. A careful contemplation over the history of Sri Lanka reveals that the sentiments of being marginalized have been present — in one (ethnic) group or the other — in the island right from its independence. When the majority ethnic group, i.e., the Sinhala, was in a position of power, it manipulated the constitution of the country to safeguard its own interests. This widened the rift among different ethnic and religious groups, especially between the Sinhala and the Tamil. This structural marginalization resulted in a civil war, starting in 1983, that lasted for 26 years. However, the ethnic conflict did not resolve even after the end of the civil war and continues to exist in the form of a political struggle between the Tamil and Sinhala. The Tamil demand for federation, autonomy, inclusion, and self-determination can only be achieved through constitutional means. Therefore, this research evaluates the post-Civil Warconstitutional development and amendment processes that were, at a point in time, more pluralistic and liberal, and contributing well to managing the ethnic conflict in the country. It was expected that the ethnic conflict would be permanently resolved through the constitutional arrangements, which Sri Lanka was already heading. However, the majority (Sinhala) reversed the progress through a new (20th) amendment to the constitution. Against this backdrop, this article argues that all segments of the society can be accommodated in the political sphere of the state through political liberalization which is possible only through constitutional arrangements.

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Historiography as a political battlefield (1956–1989): Italian left-wing historians on early German Social Democracy

Modern Italy ◽

10.1080/13532944.2015.1025375 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 199-211

Author(s):

Nicola D'Elia

Keyword(s):

Social Democracy ◽

Second World War ◽

The Political ◽

Political Strategy ◽

Intellectual Life ◽

Left Wing ◽

Political Struggle ◽

Close Relationship ◽

History Of ◽

Second World

The debate surrounding German Social Democracy during the era of the Second International represents an important chapter in the historiography of post-Second World War Italy. At the same time, it also marks some crucial moments in the political and intellectual life of Republican Italy. This article aims to show the close relationship between the investigation of the past and the ongoing political struggle that has characterised research on this issue. Study of the topic was practically monopolised by left-wing historians, who, in dealing with the history of German Social Democracy, aimed also to direct the political strategy of workers’ parties. Considering the studies appearing after the 1956 crisis and in the mid-1970s, such a goal seems evident. It was only during the 1980s that the research opened itself to different perspectives – no longer influenced by ideological controversies.

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Malaria and the Political Economy of Public Health

International Journal of Health Services ◽

10.2190/wxdb-y7dn-fu49-dlfg ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 557-579 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Harry Cleaver

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Political Economy ◽

World War Ii ◽

Health Workers ◽

Effective Means ◽

The Political ◽

Political Conflicts ◽

History Of ◽

The American South ◽

The Third World

After more than a decade when the disease was under increasing control, malaria has been making a dramatic resurgence in the 1970s. Even more troubling has been the inadequacy of government response despite appeals by public health officials and despite the availability of adequate resources. This article seeks an understanding of this decontrol in the history of the political economy of public health and in an analysis of the current international economic crisis. An examination of several episodes in the history of malaria control and related public health programs shows how they have played a role in and been defined by a series of social and political conflicts. These conflicts have included agrarian unrest in the American South, colonial expansion in the Third World, peasant revolution in China, the Cold War, and a whole series of urban and rural upheavals for and against development in the post-World War II period. An examination of the current world crisis suggests that it is another such period of social conflict—one in which various sectors of business and various governments are trying to restore the conditions of growth and accumulation which were ruptured in the late 1960s by an international cycle of social instability. Allowing malaria to spread, like allowing drought and flood to turn into famine, thus appears as a de facto repressive use of “nature” to reestablish social control. Such circumstances raise hard questions both for the public at large and for public health workers as to the most effective means of reversing these trends.

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To the History of the Issue of Cabinda (a Historical Aspect of Modern Angola’s Development)

Вестник Рязанского государственного университета имени С.А. Есенина ◽

10.37724/rsu.2020.68.3.008 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 76-83

Author(s):

О.А. Дженчакова

Keyword(s):

Self Determination ◽

The Political ◽

Legal Basis ◽

Political Struggle ◽

Historical Aspect ◽

Oil Reserves ◽

Independence Movement ◽

History Of ◽

The Republic ◽

The Government

В статье рассматриваются истоки возникновения вопроса Кабинды как затянувшегося территориального спора между официальными властями Республики Ангола и действующей на территории анклава Кабинда сепаратистски настроенной организацией — Фронта освобождения государства Кабинда, а также ее различными фракциями. Отмечается влияние геополитического фактора и нефтяных запасов на ситуацию в провинции, рассматриваются исторически обусловленные предпосылки и формально-правовые основания возникновения данного спора. Анализируются цели и методы борьбы, применяемые сепаратистами, отмечается их разобщенность, противоречивость действий в отношении правительства в Луанде. Отражены взгляды высшего руководства страны на данную проблему, приведены некоторые меры, принимаемые правительством для урегулирования вопроса. Прослеживается динамика развития ситуации в последние годы, а именно перегруппировка сил сепаратистов, создание ими новой организация — Движение за независимость Кабинды, активисты которой уже включились в политическую борьбу и призывают к самоопределению провинции. В статье делаются некоторые прогнозы относительно развития событий вокруг анклава. The article focuses on the sources of the Cabinda issue as a long-lasting territorial argument between the authorities of the Republic of Angola and the Front for the Liberation of the Cabinda Enclave, a pro-separatist organization functioning in the territory of the Cabinda enclave and its fractions. The article highlights the significance of the geopolitical factor and oil reserves and their influence on the situation in the province. It treats historical prerequisites and formal legal basis of the argument. The article analyzes the aim and methods of struggle used by separatists. It underlines the inconsistency of their actions aimed at challenging the government in Luanda. The article describes Angolan authorities’ views on the problem and dwells on some measures taken by the government to regulate the issue. The article assesses the development of the situation throughout recent years. It focuses on the regrouping of the separatist forces, on the creation of a new organization called Independence Movement of Cabinda, whose activists are involved in the political struggle and call for national self-determination. The article makes a few predictions associated with enclave-related developments.

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The Main Factors of Yemeni Conflict: An Analysis

JDP (JURNAL DINAMIKA PEMERINTAHAN) ◽

10.36341/jdp.v4i2.1912 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 1-14

Author(s):

Adeb Abdulelah Abdulwahid Al-Tamimi ◽

Uddagatti Venkatesha

Keyword(s):

Social Situation ◽

External Factors ◽

The Political ◽

Political Struggle ◽

External Interference ◽

Political Issues ◽

National Wealth ◽

History Of ◽

Research Findings ◽

Political Economic

Yemen is an unsteady country with a long history of conflict and many complex issues that have led to the deterioration of the political, economic, and social situation. The conflict in its various stages began as an internal political struggle as a result of the people's grievances and the elite's competition for power and national wealth, in addition to other external factors. Hence, it is important to study the conflict factors in Yemen to understand the situation which in turn will help in providing solutions by decision-makers towards peace-making. Therefore, this study analyses the conflict factors in Yemen based on the political, economic, and social effects, in addition to the external interference effects. The research findings indicated that the conflict factors were not the only result of security or political issues but also presented by many socio-economic problems as well as external factors, which have affected of the country since its unification.

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THE BIRTH AND TRANSFORMATION OF THE “GENERAL LINE” OF THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF THE VKP(B) IN THE POLITICAL STRUGGLE OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE 1920S AND EARLY 1930S

RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. "Literary Theory. Linguistics. Cultural Studies" Series ◽

10.28995/2686-7249-2021-7-83-113 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 83-113

Author(s):

Andrey L. Yurganov ◽

Keyword(s):

Economic Policy ◽

Central Committee ◽

The Political ◽

Political Struggle ◽

New Economic Policy ◽

Administrative Management ◽

General Line ◽

History Of ◽

The Village ◽

General Secretary

The article studies the concept of “general line” in the history of the Bolshevik Party during the second half of the 1920s. N.I. Bukharin first introduced that concept into the political lexicon, speaking at the Fourteenth Party Conference (1925). The concept fixed the basic idea of the new economic policy – that it was necessary to fight against two tendencies: against considering the kulaks as the main peasant force in the village and against ignoring the main figure in the village – the middleman. That notion had a debatable meaning – above all. It was actively used by representatives of the united opposition. It was not until the beginning of 1929, when the transition from the new economic policy to the methods of military-administrative management of agriculture was outlined, that the notion of the “general line” of the Party began to express the opinion of the Central Committee of the Party and the General Secretary personally. At the beginning of 1929, Stalin posed the question that any disagreement, even the slightest, with the “general line” of the Party in conditions of aggravation of the class struggle meant a “rightwing deviation”. Subsequently, the concept became the symbolic designation of totalitarianism.

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War on Two Fronts: The Fight against Parasites in Korea and Vietnam

Medical History ◽

10.1017/mdh.2017.35 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 61 (3) ◽

pp. 401-423 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Mark Harrison ◽

Sung Vin Yim

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Vietnam War ◽

Intestinal Parasites ◽

The Political ◽

Parasitic Diseases ◽

Medical Careers ◽

History Of ◽

The Republic ◽

Transformative Impact ◽

The Impact

The Vietnam War has long been regarded as pivotal in the history of the Republic of Korea, although its involvement in this conflict remains controversial. While most scholarship has focused on the political and economic ramifications of the war – and allegations of brutality by Korean troops – few scholars have considered the impact of the conflict upon medicine and public health. This article argues that the war had a transformative impact on medical careers and public health in Korea, and that this can be most clearly seen in efforts to control parasitic diseases. These diseases were a major drain on military manpower and a matter of growing concern domestically. The deployment to Vietnam boosted research into parasitic diseases of all kinds and accelerated the domestic campaign to control malaria and intestinal parasites. It also had a formative impact upon the development of overseas aid.

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Elevating Physical Activity as a Public Health Priority: Establishing Core Competencies for Physical Activity Practitioners in Public Health

Journal of Physical Activity and Health ◽

10.1123/jpah.6.6.682 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 6 (6) ◽

pp. 682-689 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Amber Dallman ◽

Eydie Abercrombie ◽

Rebecca Drewette-Card ◽

Maya Mohan ◽

Michael Ray ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Physical Activity ◽

Community Health ◽

Public Health Practice ◽

Physical Activity Promotion ◽

Population Based ◽

Health Practice ◽

Public Health Priority ◽

Health Priority ◽

Activity Promotion

Background:Physical activity has emerged as a vital area of public health. This emerging area of public health practice has created a need to develop practitioners who can address physical activity promotion using population-based approaches. Variations in physical activity practitioners' educations and backgrounds warranted the creation of minimal standards to establish the competencies needed to address physical activity as a public health priority.Methods:The content knowledge of physical activity practitioners tends to fall into 2 separate areas—population-based community health education and individually focused exercise physiology. Competencies reflect the importance of a comprehensive approach to physical activity promotion, including areas of community health while also understanding the physiologic responses occurring at the individual level.Results:Competencies are organized under the Center for Disease Control and Prevention's 5 benchmarks for physical activity and public health practice.Conclusions:The greatest impact on physical activity levels may be realized from a well-trained workforce of practitioners. Utilization of the competencies will enable the physical activity practitioner to provide technical assistance and leadership to promote, implement, and oversee evaluation of physical activity interventions.

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The pressure of coherence and the diachronic reconfigurations of metaphorical discourse

Cognitive Linguistic Studies ◽

10.1075/cogls.3.1.03sho ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 50-69 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Takashi Shogimen

Keyword(s):

Political Discourse ◽

Body Politic ◽

Medical Knowledge ◽

The Body ◽

Political Community ◽

The Political ◽

John Of Salisbury ◽

Medical Context ◽

Marsilius Of Padua ◽

History Of

The metaphor of the body politic is diverse in the history of European political discourse yet it remains unclear why such diachronic variations occurred. Drawing on Zoltán Kövecses’s idea of “the pressure of coherence,” the present paper argues that diachronic reconfigurations of metaphorical discourses occur due to differential contextual experiences; more specifically, metaphorical discourses on the body politic, which consist of mapping between the domain of the POLITICAL COMMUNITY and that of natural BODY, are reconfigured diachronically in accordance with not only the ideological but also the medical context. In order to demonstrate this, the paper examines the texts of three key medieval political thinkers — John of Salisbury, Marsilius of Padua and Nicholas of Cusa — and the medical knowledge that was influential in their respective era. Thus this paper constitutes a contribution to the historical cognitive linguistic study of metaphorical discourse.

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