Theosophy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael B. Wakoff
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Intuitive Knowledge ◽  
Divine Nature ◽  
Helena Petrovna Blavatsky ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Material Bodies

Etymologically, ‘theosophy’ means wisdom concerning God or divine things, from the Greek ‘theos’ (God) and ‘sophia’ (wisdom). Seventeenth-century philosophers and speculative mystics used ‘theosophy’ to refer to a knowledge of nature based on mystical, symbolical or intuitive knowledge of the divine nature and its manifestations. It referred also to an analogical knowledge of God’s nature obtained by deciphering correspondences between the macrocosm and God. In the late nineteenth century, ‘theosophy’ became associated with the doctrines of Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, the founder of the popular Theosophical Society. She drew on Buddhist and Hindu philosophy and fragments from the Western esoteric tradition, especially Neoplatonism. She espoused an absolutist metaphysics in which there is a single, ultimate, eternal principle which remains unchanged and undiminished, despite manifesting itself partially in the periodic emanation and reabsorption of universes. Her cosmology included a spiritual account of the evolution of material bodies, which serve as the necessary vehicles by which individuals gradually perfect themselves through cyclic rebirth.

TRANSFORMING THE CHARACTER OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-129
Author(s):  
KRISTAN COCKERILL
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Mississippi River ◽  
River Management ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Upper Mississippi River ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Specific Language ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACT Despite the long-understood variability in the Mississippi River, the upper portions of the river have historically received less attention than the lower reach and this culminated in the lower river dominating twentieth century river management efforts. Since the seventeenth century, there have been multiple tendencies in how the upper river was characterized, including relatively spare notes about basic conditions such as channel width and flow rates which shifted to an emphasis on romantic descriptions of the riparian scenery by the mid-nineteenth century. Finally, by the late nineteenth century the upper river was routinely portrayed as a flawed entity requiring human intervention to fix it. While the tone and specific language changed over time, there remained a consistent emphasis that whatever was being reported about the river was scientifically accurate.

Chapter 8 The End of the Northern Fishery in the Late Nineteenth Century

2004 ◽  
pp. 129-140
Author(s):  
Gordon Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Technical Advance ◽  
Baffin Bay ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Marking Time ◽  
Modern Industry

With the run-down of both Northern and Southern fisheries, the second half of the nineteenth century experienced the same sort of marking-time as had occurred in the late seventeenth century. As a consequence the period is relatively unimportant compared with the great exertions before 1840 and the vast expansion after 1900, and it is only necessary here to outline the main lines of development. None of them led on to the modern industry, and important though British whaling may have been to individual persons and places, it had already departed from the mainstream of whaling and was sailing up a backwater as dangerous and ruinous as any in Baffin Bay. No amount of incentive, capital investment, technical advance or human bravery could save the Arctic trade, but it fought its painful death-struggle for three-quarters of a century, periodically encouraged by remissions that eased the pressure and sometimes brought a measure of prosperity....

The Stained Glass at Chavenage House, Tetbury, Gloucestershire

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 ◽  
pp. 391-432
Author(s):  
Hilary Wayment
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Stained Glass ◽  
Historic House ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Coats Of Arms

The windows of the Great Hall, the Chapel, the Porch, the Priest's Chamber and ‘Queen Anne's Bedroom’ are all garnished with stained glass – figures, roundels, coats of arms, and interesting fragments from a variety of sources English and Continental, and of all centuries from the fifteenth to the twentieth. The most striking are perhaps the four Oxford scholars in the Great Hall, wearing their medical gowns, with the seventeenth-century arms of the Due de Guise below; the three medieval Flemish roundels in Queen Anne's Room; and in the Chapel the Virtues inspired by Reynolds’ designs for New College, Oxford, alongside a late nineteenth-century Crucifixion, no doubt by C.E. Kempe & Co. The collection as a whole is fully worthy of a fine historic house.

Courting Legitimacy or Delegitimizing Custom? Sexuality, Sambandham, and Marriage Reform in Late Nineteenth-Century Malabar

2001 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 349-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
PRAVEENA KODOTH
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Marriage Reform

At an interview which Della Vella [seventeenth century] had with the Zamorin, [the Samudiri or the ruler of Calicut] there were present two little princesses of the Royal house aged 12 years each; and of them he says, ‘they were all naked (as I said above the women generally go) saving that they had a very small blue cloth wrapped about their immodesties. One of them being more forward could not contain, but approaching gently towards me, almost touched the sleeve of my coat with her hand, made a sign of wonder to her sister, how could we go so wrapped up and entangled in clothes. Such is the power of custom that their going naked seemed no more strange to us, than our being clothed appeared extravagant to them.’K. P. Padmanabha Menon

Reforming the Priests of Manipe: Reflections on the “Buddhist Modernist Monk” in Euro-America

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-232
Author(s):  
Laura Harrington
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Open Framework ◽  
Buddhist Modernism ◽  
History Of ◽  
Jesuit Missionaries ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Moral Ambivalence ◽  
American Thought

From the late nineteenth century onwards, Asian Buddhist monks have been associated in American thought with science, rationality and anti-colonialism. Though the narrative of nineteenth century ‘Buddhist Modernism’ is routinely invoked to explain this, a more illuminating genealogy of this ‘modernist monasticism’ identifies deeper roots in anti-Catholicism. This paper explores these roots through a genealogy of the Buddhist Modernist Monk. Beginning with the seventeenth century travel journals of Jesuit missionaries, it winds its way through varied British rhetorics to nineteenth century Sri Lanka, and ends in Chicago, at the World’s Parliament of Religion of 1893. There, these intertwined discourses coalesced in the form of the Buddhist Modernist Monk: a figure now familiar and beloved in American culture as an embodiment of compassion and rationality, yet with a history of prejudice and politics that has yet to be meaningfully explored. As we acknowledge anti-Catholicism’s centrality to the history of the Modernist Monk, we are necessarily reminded of the moral ambivalence of the ‘science-religion’ dichotomy that fuels his mystique. At minimum, future analyses must critique the presumption of such supra-historical binaries, and deploy an open framework attentive to the contradictions and relations of reciprocal determination that characterize his genealogy.

Maratha History as Polemic: Low Caste Ideology and Political Debate in Late Nineteenth-Century Western India

1983 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosalind O'Hanlon
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Striking Feature ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Western India ◽  
Political Debate ◽  
Vernacular Literature ◽  
Late Nineteenth

A striking feature of Marathi vernacular literature towards the end of the nineteenth century lies in the sudden surge of interest in the Maratha warrior hero, Sivaji, and his feats of leadership in the great expansions of Maratha power that took place in the seventeenth century. Of all the work on Sivaji written at this time, the most familiar is probably Mahadev Govind Ranade's Rise of the Maratha Power, published in 1900, in English. Besides this, there appeared in the last three decades of the century an unusually large number of Marathi works celebrating Sivaji's exploits.

Colonial Zaytuna: The Making of a Minaret in French-Occupied Tunisia

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-221
Author(s):  
Sihem Lamine
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Architectural Style ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
French Protectorate

Abstract In March 1892, eleven years after the establishment of the French protectorate in Tunisia, a congregation of ulemas, religious scholars, and students, as well as representatives of the waqf administration (Jamʿiyyat al-Awqāf) gathered in the ṣaḥn of the Zaytuna Mosque to lay the cornerstone of a new minaret. The pre-exiting tower, whose latest major renovations dated from the seventeenth-century Ottoman Muradid times, was deemed hazardous; it was therefore entirely demolished and replaced by a large-scale replica of the nearby Hafsid Kasbah Mosque of Tunis. The new minaret of the Zaytuna Mosque rose in tandem with the Saint Vincent de Paul Cathedral of Tunis, and simultaneously with the nascent French neighborhoods of Tunis outside and along the medina walls. This article explores the intricate and fascinating context of the construction of a monumental minaret in a city that was gradually severing ties with its Ottoman past and surrendering to a newly established colonial rule. It questions the role and aspirations of the French administration in the minaret project, the reasons that led to the revival of the Almohad architectural style in the late nineteenth-century Maghrib, and the legacy left by the re-appropriation of this style in North Africa.

Telling Stories of Seas, Islands, and Ships

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 203-224
Author(s):  
Ronit Ricci
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Sri Lankan ◽  
Indonesian Archipelago ◽  
Islamic Tradition ◽  
Diasporic Community ◽  
Late Nineteenth

This article considers the crossings, modes of mobility, and affiliations that have shaped forms and contexts of storytelling within a small yet culturally resilient diasporic community: the Sri Lankan Malays, whose forefathers were sent from across the Indonesian archipelago to colonial Ceylon (Sri Lanka), beginning in the late seventeenth century, as exiles, slaves, and soldiers. Two storytelling contexts set in mid-to late nineteenth-century British Ceylon are discussed: the first centers on the Qur’anic tale of the prophet Nuh (Noah) and his ark, typically viewed as representing an age-old Islamic tradition; the second, based on stories and reports in a Malay newspaper, signals the drive toward novelty, progress, and modernity. The article explores how both storytelling contexts, despite certain differences, converge on the shared themes of travel, water, and islands and can be understood as overlapping and complementing one another. Both contexts taken together highlight the ways different temporalities, affiliations, and allegiances were concurrently relevant for colonial subjects. The article thus challenges the tendency to reduce colonial subjects’ experiences to interactions and engagements with the ruling Europeans and suggests that storytelling practices illuminate greater nuance and complexity in how people lived their lives while inhabiting different spaces, temporalities, and relationships simultaneously.

Language Usage in Anglo-Sephardi Jewry

2000 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-108
Author(s):  
Bruce Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Language Usage ◽  
Jewish Communities ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Official Records

Tracing the history of languages used among England's Sephardim, being the first study of its kind, presents a number of challenges. First and foremost, there is a severe lack of linguistic documentation prior to the seventeenth century, as Jewish communities were illegal on English soil between the mass expulsion of 1290 and the readmission under Cromwell in 1656. Although official records of the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue do give some indications of language usage between the readmission of Jews to England and the late nineteenth century, actual linguistic monuments are few.

“Crucible of Zapatismo: Hacienda Hospital in the Seventeenth Century”

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-43
Author(s):  
Cheryl English Martin
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Indigenous Population ◽  
Mexican Revolution ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Sugar Plantations ◽  
Santa Inês

Readers of John Womack's monumental Zapata and the Mexican Revolution are familiar with the names of the great Morelos sugar plantations whose drive for modernization in the late nineteenth century eventually pushed desperate peasants to revolt. Many of these haciendas bore names of Indian villages long since destroyed by indigenous population decline and the hacendados' thirst for land: Cuahuixtla, Chinameca, Zacatepec, Atlacomulco, Cocoyoc; others had religious appellations testifying to the piety or ecclesiastical status of their founders: Santa Inés, Santa Clara, San Vicente; an occasional hacienda, such as Casasano, even carried the name of its founder. Yet one hacienda that figures prominently in Womack's account bore the curious designation Hospital. Though considerably smaller than many of its neighbors, Hospital emerges from Womack's narrative as perhaps the most villainous of all Morelos latifundia. To the land-starved villagers of Anenecuilco, its owner scornfully suggested that they “farm in a flowerpot,” and Hospital became a principal target of zapatista revenge.

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