Between the “Arc of Prosperity” and the Arctic: challenges and opportunities of Nordic Scotland’s paradiplomacy

2021 ◽  
pp. 173-194
Author(s):  
X. Hubert Rioux
Keyword(s):  
The Arctic ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities

Arctic Ocean State-Changes: Self Interests and Common Interests

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 511-525
Author(s):  
Paul Arthur Berkman
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
International Governance ◽  
State Change ◽  
Central Arctic Ocean ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Free Region ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
State Changes

Abstract Environmental and geopolitical state-changes are the underlying first principles of the diverse stakeholder positioning in the Arctic Ocean. The Arctic Ocean is changing from an ice-covered region to an ice-free region during the summer, which is an environmental state-change. As provided under the framework of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the central Arctic Ocean currently involves “High-Seas” (beyond the “Exclusive Economic Zones”) and the underlying “Area” of the deep-sea floor (beyond the “Continental Shelves”). Governance applications of this ‘donut’ demography – with international space surrounded by sovereign sectors – would be a geopolitical state-change in the Arctic Ocean. International governance strategies and applications for the central Arctic Ocean have far-reaching implications for the stewardship of other international spaces, which between Antarctica and the ocean beyond national jurisdictions account for nearly 75 percent of the Earth’s surface. In view of planetary-scale strategies for humankind, with frameworks such as climate, the Arctic Ocean underscores the challenges and opportunities to balance the governance of nation states and international spaces centuries into the future.

scholarly journals Towards an advanced observation system for the marine Arctic in the framework of the Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX)

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 1941-1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timo Vihma ◽  
Petteri Uotila ◽  
Stein Sandven ◽  
Dmitry Pozdnyakov ◽  
Alexander Makshtas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
River Discharge ◽  
Autonomous Underwater Vehicles ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Observation System ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Observation Network ◽  
Ocean Reanalyses ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities

Abstract. The Arctic marine climate system is changing rapidly, which is seen in the warming of the ocean and atmosphere, decline of sea ice cover, increase in river discharge, acidification of the ocean, and changes in marine ecosystems. Socio-economic activities in the coastal and marine Arctic are simultaneously changing. This calls for the establishment of a marine Arctic component of the Pan-Eurasian Experiment (MA-PEEX). There is a need for more in situ observations on the marine atmosphere, sea ice, and ocean, but increasing the amount of such observations is a pronounced technological and logistical challenge. The SMEAR (Station for Measuring Ecosystem–Atmosphere Relations) concept can be applied in coastal and archipelago stations, but in the Arctic Ocean it will probably be more cost-effective to further develop a strongly distributed marine observation network based on autonomous buoys, moorings, autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). These have to be supported by research vessel and aircraft campaigns, as well as various coastal observations, including community-based ones. Major manned drifting stations may occasionally be comparable to terrestrial SMEAR flagship stations. To best utilize the observations, atmosphere–ocean reanalyses need to be further developed. To well integrate MA-PEEX with the existing terrestrial–atmospheric PEEX, focus is needed on the river discharge and associated fluxes, coastal processes, and atmospheric transports in and out of the marine Arctic. More observations and research are also needed on the specific socio-economic challenges and opportunities in the marine and coastal Arctic, and on their interaction with changes in the climate and environmental system. MA-PEEX will promote international collaboration; sustainable marine meteorological, sea ice, and oceanographic observations; advanced data management; and multidisciplinary research on the marine Arctic and its interaction with the Eurasian continent.

WASTE MANAGEMENT IN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (10) ◽  
pp. 71-77
Author(s):  
Lyudmila V. Ivanova ◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Solid Waste Management ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Environmental Standards ◽  
Arctic Council ◽  
Toxic Emissions ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
The Russian Federation

Numerous specialized and unauthorized landfills and huge volumes of waste are a serious problem for the use of minerals. The country's system of solid waste management, based on burial, incinera-tion, partial processing, does not fully comply with the climatic and socio-economic characteristics of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. Russia is one of eight members of the Arctic Council, international organizations promoting development of cooperation in the field of environmental protection and sustainable develop-ment of circumpolar areas. In 2001, the Arctic Council approved an Action Plan for the elimination of pollution in the Arctic. For the implementation of the Plan, a specially created expert group on waste supports and oversees pilot projects demonstrating environmentally friendly waste management in the Arctic. Waste dis-posal methods that do not meet environmental standards can contribute to soil, water and air pollution through toxic emissions. Improper waste management can also lead to transboundary emissions. While there is clear progress in this direction in Europe due to the implementation of effective public policies on waste and a focus on the transition to a circular economy, significant amounts of valuable resources remain untapped as a result of ineffective waste management in practice.

scholarly journals Towards the Marine Arctic Component of the Pan-Eurasian Experiment

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timo Vihma ◽  
Petteri Uotila ◽  
Stein Sandven ◽  
Dmitry Pozdnyakov ◽  
Alexander Makshtas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
River Discharge ◽  
Autonomous Underwater Vehicles ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Observation Network ◽  
Ocean Reanalyses ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities

Abstract. The Arctic marine climate system is changing rapidly, seen as warming of the ocean and atmosphere, decline of sea ice cover, increase in river discharge, acidification of the ocean, and changes in marine ecosystems. Socio-economic activities in the coastal and marine Arctic are simultaneously changing. This calls for establishment of a marine Arctic component of the Pan-Eurasian Experiment (MA-PEEX). There is a need for more in-situ observations on the marine atmosphere, sea ice, and ocean, but increasing the amount of such observations is a pronounced technological and logistical challenge. The SMEAR (Station Measuring Ecosystem-Atmosphere Relations) concept can be applied in coastal and archipelago stations, but in the Arctic Ocean it will probably be more cost-effective to further develop a strongly distributed marine observation network based on autonomous buoys, moorings, Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV), and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV). These have to be supported by research vessel and aircraft campaigns, as well as various coastal observations, including community-based ones. Major manned drifting stations may occasionally serve comparable to terrestrial SMEAR Flagship stations. To best utilize the observations, atmosphere-ocean reanalyses need to be further developed. To well integrate MA-PEEX with the existing terrestrial/atmospheric PEEX, focus is needed on the river discharge and associated fluxes, coastal processes, as well as atmospheric transports in and out of the marine Arctic. More observations and research are also needed on the specific socio-economic challenges and opportunities in the marine and coastal Arctic, and on their interaction with changes in the climate and environmental system. MA-PEEX will promote international collaboration, sustainable marine meteorological, sea ice, and oceanographic observations, advanced data management, and multidisciplinary research on the marine Arctic and its interaction with the Eurasian continent.

scholarly journals UAS LIDAR MAPPING OF AN ARCTIC TUNDRA WATERSHED: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES

2020 ◽  
Vol XLIV-M-2-2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
A. D. Collins ◽  
C. G. Andresen ◽  
L. M. Charsley-Groffman ◽  
T. Cochran ◽  
J. Dann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Project Success ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Arctic Tundra ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Aircraft Systems ◽  
Team Resilience ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Heavy Lift ◽  
Complex Landscape

Abstract. Uncrewed aircraft systems (UAS) are increasingly used across disciplines in academic research. We deployed a heavy-lift UAS (<25 kg) for research in the Arctic tundra, a remote and complex landscape. Conducting UAS work in this location required adapting our standard field approach to include both the unique challenges of working in these locations with those specific to UAS work. We collected metadata on each field campaign and analyzed our expended efforts and the contributors to our successes and failures. We formulated a set of best practices to address each challenge in a systematic way, addressing each with the underlying goals of maximizing system and team resilience, operational efficiency, and safety. By adopting a structured set of best practices tenets into our UAS work in the Arctic, we achieved greater project success and we recommend integrating such methods into similar projects of high importance or consequence, especially for UAS LiDAR work in the Arctic.

scholarly journals Managing Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction in the Changing Arctic

AJIL Unbound ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 112 ◽  
pp. 134-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timo Koivurova ◽  
Richard Caddell
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Management ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Regional Governance ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
The Core ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Arctic Conditions ◽  
National Jurisdiction ◽  
Do So

The development of an Internationally Binding Legal Instrument (ILBI) for the conservation and sustainable management of marine biological diversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ) has profound implications for the future regulatory activities of a host of regional governance structures exercising competence over these waters. In the rather stilted vernacular of the BBNJ Process, the ILBI aspires to “not undermine” the work of preexisting institutions and initiatives. Inevitably, given the emphasis upon future institutional symbiosis, a key challenge facing the ILBI is to promote its four thematic priorities—marine genetic resources, area-based management tools, environmental assessment, and capacity building and technology transfer—in a manner that can be effectively harnessed by current regional and sectoral frameworks. One region in which the intriguing set of challenges and opportunities presented by the ILBI are strikingly manifested is the Arctic. Some have argued for a regional treaty or clearer recognition of the “special” nature of Arctic conditions. However, we view the ILBI as a potential milestone in Arctic governance that can provide a firm platform to build on current cooperative arrangements for these vulnerable and rapidly changing marine ecosystems. Moreover, we argue that the present legal and institutional framework for the Arctic need not be revisited at this juncture, as it provides a strong regime through which to implement the core objectives of the ILBI. Its ability to do so, however, will depend on whether the ILBI (1) is effectively designed to work with preexisting machinery and (2) succeeds in clarifying and advancing universally-agreed methodological requirements for its four priority areas.

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