The Development of Anxiety: The Role of Control in the Early Environment

2018 ◽  
pp. 227-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce F. Chorpita ◽  
David H. Barlow
Keyword(s):  
Early Environment ◽  
Development Of Anxiety

The development of anxiety: The role of control in the early environment.

1998 ◽  
Vol 124 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce F. Chorpita ◽  
David H. Barlow
Keyword(s):  
Early Environment ◽  
Development Of Anxiety

Parenting Behaviors and Anxiety in Young Adults

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 170-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin N. Stevens ◽  
Joseph R. Bardeen ◽  
Kyle W. Murdock
Keyword(s):  
Effortful Control ◽  
Parenting Behaviors ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Anxiety Symptoms ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Parental Overprotection ◽  
High Control ◽  
Development Of Anxiety ◽  
The Relationship

Parenting behaviors – specifically behaviors characterized by high control, intrusiveness, rejection, and overprotection – and effortful control have each been implicated in the development of anxiety pathology. However, little research has examined the protective role of effortful control in the relation between parenting and anxiety symptoms, specifically among adults. Thus, we sought to explore the unique and interactive effects of parenting and effortful control on anxiety among adults (N = 162). Results suggest that effortful control uniquely contributes to anxiety symptoms above and beyond that of any parenting behavior. Furthermore, effortful control acted as a moderator of the relationship between parental overprotection and anxiety, such that overprotection is associated with anxiety only in individuals with lower levels of effortful control. Implications for potential prevention and intervention efforts which specifically target effortful control are discussed. These findings underscore the importance of considering individual differences in self-regulatory abilities when examining associations between putative early-life risk factors, such as parenting, and anxiety symptoms.

scholarly journals Reducing future fears by suppressing the brain mechanisms underlying episodic simulation

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (52) ◽  
pp. E8492-E8501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland G. Benoit ◽  
Daniel J. Davies ◽  
Michael C. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Episodic Simulation ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Future Events ◽  
The Right ◽  
Development Of Anxiety ◽  
The Brain

Imagining future events conveys adaptive benefits, yet recurrent simulations of feared situations may help to maintain anxiety. In two studies, we tested the hypothesis that people can attenuate future fears by suppressing anticipatory simulations of dreaded events. Participants repeatedly imagined upsetting episodes that they feared might happen to them and suppressed imaginings of other such events. Suppressing imagination engaged the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, which modulated activation in the hippocampus and in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). Consistent with the role of the vmPFC in providing access to details that are typical for an event, stronger inhibition of this region was associated with greater forgetting of such details. Suppression further hindered participants’ ability to later freely envision suppressed episodes. Critically, it also reduced feelings of apprehensiveness about the feared scenario, and individuals who were particularly successful at down-regulating fears were also less trait-anxious. Attenuating apprehensiveness by suppressing simulations of feared events may thus be an effective coping strategy, suggesting that a deficiency in this mechanism could contribute to the development of anxiety.

Eye blink startle responses in behaviorally inhibited and uninhibited children

2006 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 460-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna M.L. van Brakel ◽  
Peter Muris ◽  
Wendy Derks
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Behavioral Inhibition ◽  
Startle Reflex ◽  
Modulation Effect ◽  
Eye Blink ◽  
Habituation Effect ◽  
Development Of Anxiety

The present study examined the startle reflex as a physiological marker of behavioral inhibition. Participants were 7to 12-year-old children who had been previously identified as inhibited or uninhibited as part of an ongoing longitudinal study on the role of behavioral inhibition in the development of anxiety disorders. Analysis of their scores on the Behavioral Inhibition Scale revealed that the children were stable in their behavioral inhibition categorization as compared to the beginning of the longitudinal study. An experiment was carried out to study startle modulation effects in response to novel and familiar pictures of threatening and non-threatening facial expressions in inhibited and uninhibited children. The main results can be summarized as follows. To begin with, no modulation effect was found. That is, children did not show the expected (adult-like) startle facilitation while viewing unpleasant pictures. Second, a habituation effect was found: that is, during the testing phase children responded more intensely to the first block of slides than to the second block of slides (irrespective of slide content). Third, unexpectedly behaviorally inhibited children displayed smaller eye blink magnitudes in response to novel slides than uninhibited children. Fourth and finally, no meaningful differences were found in the patterns of startle responses of both genders.

Developmental Antecedents of Clinical Anxiety in Childhood

2002 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 146-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald M. Rapee ◽  
Agnes A. Szollos
Keyword(s):  
Stressful Life Events ◽  
Separation Anxiety ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Separation Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Toilet Training ◽  
First Year ◽  
Birth Complications ◽  
Retrospective Recall ◽  
Development Of Anxiety

AbstractIn a retrospective recall study, mothers of 102 clinically anxious children (7–16 years) and 76 nonclinical comparison children completed questionnaires describing several aspects of their child's early life. There were no differences between the groups on several aspects of development such as age of walking, talking and toilet training. However, mothers of anxious children reported a significantly greater number of birth complications, difficulties in the first year, early fears, and general settling difficulties. There were few differences found between anxiety disorders except that children with social phobia were more likely to be first born and tended to spend less time in day care, while children with separation anxiety disorder experienced more stressful life events. The results are described as preliminary evidence for the possible role of several factors in the development of anxiety that now require more detailed investigation.

Mesocortical dopamine and HPA axis regulation: Role of laterality and early environment

2006 ◽  
Vol 1076 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ron M. Sullivan ◽  
Marc M. Dufresne
Keyword(s):  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Early Environment

scholarly journals An extended amygdala-midbrain circuit controlling cocaine withdrawal-induced anxiety and reinstatement

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guilian Tian ◽  
May Hui ◽  
Desiree Macchia ◽  
Pieter Derdeyn ◽  
Alexandra Rogers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drugs Of Abuse ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Place Preference ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Cocaine Exposure ◽  
Cocaine Administration ◽  
Anxiety States ◽  
Midbrain Dopamine ◽  
Development Of Anxiety

While midbrain dopamine (DA) neuronal circuits are central to motivated behaviors, much remains unknown about our knowledge of how these circuits are modified over time by experience to facilitate selective aspects of experience-dependent plasticity. Most studies of the DA system in drug addiction focus on the role of the mesolimbic DA pathway from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in facilitating drug-associated reward. In contrast, less is known about how midbrain DA cells and associated circuits contribute to negative affective states including anxiety that emerge during protracted withdrawal from drug administration. Here, we demonstrate the selective role of a midbrain DA projection to the amygdala (VTADA-Amygdala) for anxiety that develops during protracted withdrawal from cocaine administration but does not participate in cocaine reward or sensitization. Our rabies virus-mediated circuit mapping approach revealed a persistent elevation in spontaneous and task-related activity of GABAergic cells from the bed nucleus of the stria terminals (BNST) and downstream VTADA-Amygdala cells that could be detected even after a single cocaine exposure. Activity in BNSTGABA cells was related to cocaine-induced anxiety but not reward or sensitization, and silencing the projection from these cells to the midbrain was sufficient to prevent the development of anxiety during protracted withdrawal following cocaine administration. We observed that VTADA-Amygdala cells, but not other midbrain DA cells, were strongly activated after a challenge exposure to cocaine, and found that activity in these cells was necessary for the expression of reinstatement of cocaine place preference. Lastly, the importance of activity in VTADA-Amygdala cells extends beyond cocaine, as these cells mediate the development of anxiety states triggered by morphine and a predator odor. Our results provide an exemplar for how to identify key circuit substrates that contribute to behavioral adaptations and reveal a critical role for BNSTGABA-VTADA-Amygdala pathway in anxiety states induced by drugs of abuse or natural experiences as well as cocaine-primed reinstatement of conditioned place preference.

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