Anxiety Disorders: Panic, Social, Obsessive-Compulsive, Generalized, and Post-Traumatic Anxiety

2017 ◽  
pp. 31-82
Author(s):  
Thomas L. Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Post Traumatic

TMS in the study and treatment of anxiety disorders

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Greenberg ◽  
Sarah H. Lisanby
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Systematic Testing ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Current State ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Disorder Treatment

A few studies of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) as an anxiety disorder treatment have been reported. In treatment studies, the focal application of TMS in the treatment of anxiety disorders has been guided by the present understanding of the neurocircuitry underlying these disorders. This article reviews the current state of the literature on the uses of TMS in the study and treatment of anxiety disorders, and discusses the implications for understanding their patho-etiology. Investigation of the possible therapeutic effects of repetitive TMS in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or any anxiety disorder remains at a preliminary stage. There have been promising initial observations in OCD, which require systematic testing in controlled studies. As far as PTSD is concerned, the available data suggest that additional TMS work is required. The observations need to be replicated in controlled settings to determine whether this approach will have value in treating anxiety disorders.

scholarly journals Assessing Anxiety Disorders Using Wearable Devices: Challenges and Future Directions

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Elgendi ◽  
Carlo Menon
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Wearable Devices ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Electrocardiogram Ecg ◽  
Mental Well Being

Wearable devices (WD) are starting to increasingly be used for interventions to promote well-being by reducing anxiety disorders (AD). Electrocardiogram (ECG) signal is one of the most commonly used biosignals for assessing the cardiovascular system as it significantly reflects the activity of the autonomic nervous system during emotional changes. Little is known about the accuracy of using ECG features for detecting ADs. Moreover, during our literature review, a limited number of studies were found that involve ECG collection using WD for promoting mental well-being. Thus, for the sake of validating the reliability of ECG features for detecting anxiety in WD, we screened 1040 articles, and only 22 were considered for our study; specifically 6 on panic, 4 on post-traumatic stress, 4 on generalized anxiety, 3 on social, 3 on mixed, and 2 on obsessive-compulsive anxiety disorder articles. Most experimental studies had controversial results. Upon reviewing each of these papers, it became apparent that the use of ECG features for detecting different types of anxiety is controversial, and the use of ECG-WD is an emerging area of research, with limited evidence suggesting its reliability. Due to the clinical nature of most studies, it is difficult to determine the specific impact of ECG features on detecting ADs, suggesting the need for more robust studies following our proposed recommendations.

Ketamine’s dose-related effects on anxiety symptoms in patients with treatment refractory anxiety disorders

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (10) ◽  
pp. 1302-1305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Glue ◽  
Natalie J Medlicott ◽  
Sarah Harland ◽  
Shona Neehoff ◽  
Bridie Anderson-Fahey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Treatment Resistant ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Resistant Depression

The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist ketamine has rapid onset activity in treatment-resistant depression, post-traumatic stress disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder. Due to similarities in brain network activity in depression and anxiety disorders, we hypothesized that ketamine might also be active in other refractory anxiety disorders. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of ketamine in 12 patients with refractory generalized anxiety disorder and/or social anxiety disorder who were not currently depressed, using an ascending single dose study design (0.25, 0.5, 1 mg/kg administered subcutaneously) at weekly intervals. Within 1 h of dosing, patients reported reduced anxiety, which persisted for up to seven days. A dose-response profile was noted for anxiolytic effects, dissociative side effects, and changes in blood pressure and heart rate, with minor changes at 0.25 mg/kg, and progressively greater and more durable changes at the higher doses. Ten of 12 patients were treatment responders at 0.5–1 mg/kg. Ketamine was safe and well tolerated in this population. Ketamine may be a potential therapeutic alternative for patients with refractory generalized anxiety disorder/social anxiety disorder. Along with its demonstrated effectiveness in patients with treatment-resistant depression, obsessive compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder, these data raise the intriguing possibility that ketamine may have broad efficacy in disorders characterized by negative emotional states, and that these disorders may share a common precipitating neurobiology.

scholarly journals Anxiety and DSM-5

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-246 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Clinical Neuroscience ◽  
Developmental Approach ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Considerable Impact ◽  
Post Traumatic

The DSM-5 process, and the publication of DSM-5 in 2013, have had a considerable impact on the classification of anxiety disorders. Major changes included the reorganization of the chapter structure, individual groupings of disorders within each chapter from a life span viewpoint, and the use of specifiers. The DSM-5 chapter on anxiety disorders does not include obsessive-compulsive disorder or post-traumatic stress disorder. The chapter itself now reflects a developmental approach. The text of each disorder has been enhanced with short sections on development and course, risk and prognostic factors, etc. It is expected that the reformulation of anxiety disorders in DSM-5 will lead to greater precision in a variety of ways, as illustrated in the papers in this issue of Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. In summary, these changes in the way we classify anxiety disorders reflect our best view on the clinical empirical data and should prove useful in the assessment of specific anxiety disorders.

Anxiety Disorders

Depression ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 89-101
Author(s):  
Carly Yasinski ◽  
Bonnie Seifert ◽  
Callan M. Coghlan ◽  
Barbara O. Rothbaum
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
High Level

This chapter discusses the similarities, differences, and comorbidities between depression and anxiety disorders broadly defined, including generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, specific phobias, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. The high level of comorbidity between anxiety disorders and depression is explicated, and the negative consequences of this comorbidity, including higher severity, functional impairment, and worse response to treatment, are discussed. Major theoretical models for differentiating anxiety and depression, including the tripartite model, the integrative hierarchical model, and the quadripartite model, are explained. Translational research, including neurological, psychophysiological, and genetic underpinnings of the similarities and differences between anxiety and depression, is reviewed. The chapter concludes with broad treatment implications and recommendations.

scholarly journals Neuroimaging in anxiety disorders

2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-461 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Panic Attacks ◽  
Functional Neuroanatomy ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Fear And Anxiety ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

Over the last few years, neuroimaging techniques have contributed greatly to the identification of the structural and functional neuroanatomy of anxiety disorders. The amygdala seems to be a crucial structure for fear and anxiety, and has consistently been found to be activated in anxiety-provoking situations. Apart from the amygdala, the insula and anterior cinguiate cortex seem to be critical, and ail three have been referred to as the "fear network." In the present article, we review the main findings from three major lines of research. First, we examine human models of anxiety disorders, including fear conditioning studies and investigations of experimentally induced panic attacks. Then we turn to research in patients with anxiety disorders and take a dose look at post-traumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Finally, we review neuroimaging studies investigating neural correlates of successful treatment of anxiety, focusing on exposure-based therapy and several pharmacological treatment options, as well as combinations of both.

Brain blood flow in anxiety disorders

1997 ◽  
Vol 171 (4) ◽  
pp. 346-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. V. Lucey ◽  
Durval C. Costa ◽  
Gwen Adshead ◽  
Martin P. Deahl ◽  
Geraldo Busatto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Brain Blood Flow ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Caudate Nuclei ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Left Caudate ◽  
Post Traumatic

BackgroundWe compared regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in three groups of patients with DSM–III–R anxiety disorders.MethodFifteen patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), 15 with panic disorder with agoraphobia (PA), and 16 with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and a similar group of healthy controls were assessed on brain-dedicated high-resolution SPET.ResultsMANOVA revealed significant rCBF differences between diagnostic groups (F=4.4; d.f.=3, 57; P=0.007) and between cerebral regions (F=6.4; d.f.=1, 57; P=0.01) in OCD and PTSD compared with PA and healthy controls, limited to bilateral superior frontal cortices and right caudate nuclei. Whole brain blood flow correlated positively with anxiety (r=0.24, n=46, P=0.05). Beck depression scores correlated significantly negatively with left caudate rCBF (r= –0.24, n=46, P=0.05) and right caudate rCBF (r= –0.31, n=46, P=0.02). PTSD syndrome severity correlated significantly negatively with the left caudate (r=-0.49, n=16. P=0.03) and with right caudate rCBF (r=-0.7, n=16, P=0.001)ConclusionsFunctional rCBF differences in anxiety disorders could relate to repetitive, intrusive, distressing mental activity, prominent in both OCD and PTSD.

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